Term
| what are the 4 advantages od administration of fluids and medications via the IV route? |
|
Definition
1- direct access to the circulatory system
2- a route for administration of fluids and drugs to patients who cannot tolerate oral medications
3- a method of instant drug action
4- a method of instant drug administration termination |
|
|
Term
| drugs that cannot be absorbed by other routes because of the large molecular size of the drug or destruction of the drug by gastric juices can be administered? |
|
Definition
| directly to the site of distribution, the circulatory system, with and IV infusion |
|
|
Term
| when drug is administered intravenously, the is _________ drug action. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the I.V. route also provides _________ ____________ ________________ if sensitivity or adverse reactions occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
I.V.
this route provides for control over the ________ at which drugs are adminstered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolonged action can be controlled by: |
|
Definition
| administering a dilute medication infusion intermittently over a prolonged time period |
|
|
Term
| nurses administering the solution or medication are accountable for: |
|
Definition
- achieving effective delivery of prescribed therapy
- evaluating and documenting deviations from expected outcome
(including the implementation of corrective action) |
|
|
Term
| the nurse administering parenteral medications and solutions should have knowledge of: |
|
Definition
indications for therapy
side effects
potential adverse reactions
and appropriate interventions |
|
|
Term
| what are the two factors that compound the disadvantages of IV therapy: |
|
Definition
the number of drug combinations,
along with the ever increasing new drugs on the market |
|
|
Term
the disadvantages specific to the administration of IV drugs include
DRUG INTERACTIONS: |
|
Definition
- drug loss via adsorption of IV containers and administration sets
- errors in mixing techiniques
- complications of speed shock
- extravastion of vesicant drugs
- phlebitis
|
|
|
Term
| factors affecting drug interaction include: |
|
Definition
drug solubility
drug compaitibility |
|
|
Term
| mixing of two drugs in a solution can cause an adverse interaction called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors affecting drug solubility and compatibility include: |
|
Definition
-drug comcentration
-IV fluid of drug
-Type of administration set
-preparation technique, duration of drug-drug or drug-solution contact
-pH value
-temperature of the room and light |
|
|
Term
| drugs can be ___________ when mixed in certain solutions but __________ when mixed in others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mixing two incompatible drugs in solution in a particular order: |
|
Definition
| may be enough to avoid a potentially adverse interaction |
|
|
Term
| what must be considered when compounding medications? |
|
Definition
| the pH of both the solution and the drug |
|
|
Term
| drugs that are widely dissimilar in pH values are : |
|
Definition
| unlikely to be compatible in solution |
|
|
Term
| dextrose solution are slighly ______ with a pH of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| several antibiotics on the market have an acidic pH that is____________ in dextrose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkaline antibiotics, such as carbenicillin, are ____________ when mixed with dextrose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dextrose, with a pH of 4.5-5.5, should be used as a ______ for acidic drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium chloride solution, with a pH of 6.8-8.5, should be used for alkaline medication___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the attachment of one substance to the surface of another
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the disadvantage associated with adsorption is that: |
|
Definition
| the patient recieves a smaller amount of the drug than was intended |
|
|
Term
| the amount of adsorption is difficult to predict and is affected by: |
|
Definition
- the drug concentration
-solution of the drug
- amount of the surface contacted by the drug
-temperature changes |
|
|
Term
| the drug adsorbs to IV containers and tubing until: |
|
Definition
| all potential adsorption sites are saturated |
|
|
Term
| during the initial part of the infusion how much of the drug reaches the patient? |
|
Definition
very little
--> until binding sites are filled |
|
|
Term
| later during infusion when adsorption sites are saturated: |
|
Definition
| the patient recieves more of the drug being administered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inject the drug as close to the IV insertion site as possible
and will promote better theraputic drug effects |
|
|
Term
| polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in plastic flexible bags promotes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is added to PVC that allows: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IV fat emulsion products can extract: |
|
Definition
| the plasticizer from the PVC bags and tubing |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things can result from inadequate mixing of a drug into the infusion container? |
|
Definition
drug toxicity
subtheraputic infusion
erratic theraputic effects |
|
|
Term
| inadequate mixing can contribute to: |
|
Definition
a bolus of medication being delivered to the patient
which may cause adverse effects |
|
|
Term
| before admixing and administrating medications what must be identified: |
|
Definition
chemical
physical
theraputic compatibility |
|
|
Term
| an incompatibility results when: |
|
Definition
| two or more substances react or interact and change the normal activity of one or more components |
|
|
Term
| incompatibility may be manifested by harmful or undesireable effects and is likely to result in: |
|
Definition
| a loss of theraputic effects |
|
|
Term
| physical incompatibilities occur when one drug is mixed with other drugs or solutions to produce: |
|
Definition
| a product that is unsafe for administration |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of physical incompatibility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ occurs when a drug is added to an inappropriate fluid solution, creating an incomplete solution or a precipitate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insolubility occurs more frequently with: |
|
Definition
| multiple additives, which may interact to form an insoluable product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible precipitation, haze, gas bubbles, and cloudiness |
|
|
Term
| the presence of calcuim in a drug or solution usually indicates: |
|
Definition
| that a precipitate might form if mixed with another drug |
|
|
Term
| ringer's solution preparations contain __________, so check carefully for incompatibility before adding any drug to this solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other physical incompatibilities caused by insolubility include: |
|
Definition
the increased degradation of drugs added to sodium bicarbonate
and the formation of an insoluble precipitate when bicarbonate is combined with other medications in emergent situations |
|
|
Term
| NEVER administer a drug that : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do not mix drugs prepared in _________ ______________ with other drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when administering a series of medications, prepare each drug in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what directions do you follow for reconstituting drugs: |
|
Definition
| the manufacturer's directions |
|
|
Term
| a _____________ ______________ is a reaction of a drug with other drugs or solutions, which results in alterations of the integrity and potency of the active ingredient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of chemical incompatibility? |
|
Definition
| the reaction between acidic and alkaline drugs or solutions, resulting in a pH level that is unstable for one of the drugs |
|
|
Term
| a specific pH or a narrow range of pH values is required for: |
|
Definition
| the solubility of a drug and for the maintenance if tis stability after it has been mixed |
|
|
Term
| A _______________ ________________ is an undesireable effect occuring in a patient as a result of two or more drugs being given concurrently |
|
Definition
| theraputic incompatibility |
|
|
Term
| theraputic incompatitibility often occurs when: |
|
Definition
| therapy dictates the use of two antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| theraputic incompatibility may go unnoticed until: |
|
Definition
| the patient failsto show the expected clinical response to the drug or until peak and trough levels show a lack of theraputic levels |
|
|
Term
| when more than one antibiotic is prescribed for intermittent infusion: |
|
Definition
| stagger the time schedule so that each can be infused individually |
|
|
Term
| the nurse shall verify what prior to to compounding and administering prescribed infusion medications and solutions? |
|
Definition
| chemical, physical and theraputic compatibility and stability |
|
|
