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| does not mean self awareness. means stuff you hold in memory about self. may or may not be true. ANDERSON - even if you liked person who looked like mother, you had an increase in depr. mood if you had large actual/ideal discrepency |
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| MARKUS - possible selves, the dreaded self. you may navigate life in relation to the dreaded self. |
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| HIGGINS - actual, ideal, and ought self |
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Emic - culture specific
Etic - cross-cultural |
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| SAPIR AND WHORF - our interpretation of the world is to a large degree dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it |
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| Things stored in memory about the self - cues in a situation will activate whatever's in our memory that matches the cue. also includes current self and possible selves |
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| you activate whole set of cultural norms that go with a language system |
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| when superordinate identity isnt salient (ex in a competition btwn schools) the 'other's subordinate identity becomes the out group |
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| PETTIGREW - to overcome prejudice w/ stigmatized outgroup, need not only contact, but contact that allows you to begin on equal footing, each role is considered valued, and there is opportunity for friendly interaction |
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| BILL SWAN - 1) self esteem protection theories, 2) consistency theories - aim to hold on to beliefs about self. when you give low SE ppl incosistent feedback, they feel better for a moment, then dont believe it, then dismiss it entirely (Cognitive Affective Crossfire) |
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| complex consistency theory. if you are threatened in a particularly important domain (inconsistent feedback), you can repair sense of self by emphasizing and working hard in another domain |
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| GREENWALD - ego = self. we are our own personal historian, bad at it, fabricate our history so we can feel better |
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| we have egocentric biases when we observe and record. overperception of self as intended target. things better remembered if seen in relation to self |
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| give yourself credit for good outcomes but not bad ones (eviro., situation). deny responsibility for failures. more like "we won" and "they lost" even if same team. JOHNSON - related to effective performance in situations where perseverance is crucial |
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Term
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| confirmation bias. we promote the selective availability of info about judgments we already arrived at. (primacy - relative potency of info received early in description) students asked to give opinion, later asked to defend opposite, when asked which they originally supported, shift towards one they defended |
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| procedured that activate ego processes, magnify biases. dissonance does not seem to occur in low involvement |
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| DUVAL AND WICKLUND - state when ones atten. is focused on self, actual and ideal self becomes salient (biases like ego involvement) |
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| Private Th and F can overwhelm behavioral evidence. Th and F slipped into behavioral intvws more readily than vice versa. control intrvws tended to emphasize th and f rather than behavior. subjects in th and f intrvws were more deprived of info source emphasized in opposing condition. greater presence of rarely communicated info in th and f condition. exposure to th and f lef observers to be more accurate about distinguishing char of their subjects as well as subjects in general, were better able to predict future th and f and equally able to predict behavior |
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| some identification with a group becomes pertanent. evaluation apprehension assoc with said group can arise and become disruptive. when salience of group decreases cognitive accessability of stereotype decreases |
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| The Looking Glass Self - take the role of an observer from that vantage pt. attempt to see self (generalized other person). not about content, just whether you know what they think or not |
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| FESTINGER - based on who is available for comparison. your sense of self is a function of who is around for comparison (downward and upward) |
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| people do not have direct access to who they are. its not clear on what basis they should make that decision. BEN - look at behavior and ask if you were being forced. ANDERSON - th and f more indicative, especially with discrepency of behaviors |
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| GREENBERG - threats to identity that prompt steps to get rid of threat. words like death can provoke compensatory responses |
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| Self Protective Processes |
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| threatening cues motivate you to self enhance, not only restore baseline, but become even better |
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| ANDERSON - transference occurs when one develops relationships with new pl |
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| people experience a basic oneness and durability in the self. ppl know about own if then patterns |
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