Aversion therapy

The conditioning of an aversive reaction to what's now a positive stimulus.

Behavior Modification (or behavior therapy)

The changing of behavior therapeutically through conditioning processes

 Biofeedback

The technique of learning to control an internal activity by instrumental conditioning

Classical conditioning

The pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

A response to the CS that's acquired by classical conditioning.

A neutral stimulus that's paired with a US to become conditioned.

A schedule in which reinforcement follows each instance of the behavior

Drive

A motivational state that increases behaviors that are high in the habit hierarchy

Emotional conditioning

Classical conditioning in which the CR is an emotional reaction

Attachment

An emotional connection to someone else.

Basic anxiety

A sense of insecurity a feeling of being abandoned and isolated

Ego identity

The overall sense of self that emerges from transaction with social reality

Epigenesis

The idea (adopted from embryology) that an internal plan for future development is present at the beginning of life.

Mirroring

The giving of positive attention and supportiveness to someone

Narcissism

A sense of grandiose self-importance and entitlement

Object relations

An individuals symbolized relations to other of strategies to combat basic anxiety

Self psychology

Kohut's theory that relationships create the structure of the self

Separation-individuation

The process of acquiring a distinct identity; separating from fusion with the mother

Symbiosis

A period in which an infant experiences fusion with the mother

Transference

The viewing of other ppl through self object representations originally developed for parents

Vicious cycle

A cycle of needing affection failing to obtain it, and thereby increasing the need

Exposure treatments

Treatments in which pp stay focused on the distressing topic until well after their anxiety reaction dissipates

Extinction

In classical conditioning, the reduction of a CR by repeating the CS without the US; in instrumental conditioning, the reduction of a behavioral tendency by removing reinforcement

Generalization

Responding in a similar manner to somewhat different stimuli

Higher-order conditioning

Event in which a former CS now acts as a US in a new instance of conditioning

Instrumental conditioning

Conditioning in which a behavior becomes more likely because it is followed by a desirable event or less likely because it is followed by an undesirable event

Negative reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus

Partial reinforcement

A schedule in which the behavior is reinforced less often than every time it occurs.

Phobia

An inappropriately intense fear of some specific class of stimuli

Positive reinforcement

A reinforcement involving addition of a desired stimulus

Punisher

An undesired events that weakens the behavior that came before it

Reinforcer

An event that strengthens the behavior that came before it

Shaping

Changing the nature of ongoing behavior by reinforcing a specific aspect of the behavior

Successive approximation

Shaping by reinforcing closer approximation of the desired behavior

Timeout

A punishment in which a child is temporarily removed from an enjoyable activity

Unconditioned (or unconditional) stimulus (US)

A stimulus that causes a reflexive (unconditioned) response

Cognitive-behavioral modification

A therapeutic technique that attempts to change behaviors by changing though patterns

Efficacy expectancy

Confidence of being able to do something successfully

Learned helplessness

A state of low motivation and effort following extensive exposure to lack of control

Locus of control

A dimension of believing that one's outcomes are caused by oneself or by external forces

Observational learning

Acquiring the ability to do a new behavior by watching someone else do it

Self-efficacy

Confidence of being able to do something successfully

Social reinforcer

Praise, liking, acceptance, or approval received from someone else.

Stress inoculation

A therapy to develop the ability to cope with a broad range of stressors

Vicarious classical conditioning

Conditioning in which the unconditioned response occurs via empathy

Actual self

One's  as one presently views it

Client-centered therapy

(also called person-centered therapy)

A type of therapy that removes conditions of worth and has clients examine their feelings

Conditional positive regard

Affection that's given only under certain conditions

Congruence

An integration withing the self and a coherence between the self and one's experiences

Existential guilt

A sense of guilt over failing to fulfill all of one's possibilities

Existential psychology

The view that ppl are responsible for investing their live w/meaning

Fully functioning person

A person who's open to the experiences of life and who's self-actualizing

Humanistic psychology

A branch of psychology emphasizing the universal capacity for personal growth

Organismic valuing process

The internal signal that tells whether self-actualization is occurring

Self-actualization

A process of growing in ways that maintain or enhance the self

Self-concordance

Pursuing goals that are consistent with one's core values

Self-determination

deciding for oneself what to do

Unconditional positive regard

Acceptance and affection with "no strings attached."

Emergent pole

The end of a construct that's being applied to the event being construed.

Fixed-role therapy

A therapy in which the client enacts a role that differs somewhat from his or her current self-perception

Implicit pole

The end of the construct that isn't being applied to the event being construed

Permeability

The degree to which a construct extend to events to which it hasn't yet been applied

Predictive efficiency

The degree to which a construct can be applied successfully to events

Attribution

The process of making a judgment about the cause

(or causes) of an event

Feedback hierarchy

An organization of feedback loops, in which superordinate loops act by providing reference values to subordinate loops

Goal intention

The intention to attain some particular outcome

Homeostasis

Regulation around a constant steady state.

Means-ends analysis

The process of creating a plan to attain an overall goals (end) by breaking it into successively more concrete goals (means)

Perceptual defense

Responding to screen out a threatening stimulus before it enters awareness

Preparedness

The idea that some conditioning is easy because the animal is biologically prepared for it to happen