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Francis Bacon is the father of the scientific method, which is fundamental to natural philosophy
The philosopher should instead proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to physical law
Any moral action is the action of the human will, which is governed by belief and spurred on by the passions;
Good habit is what aids men in directing their will toward the good; and
No universal rules can be made, as both situations and men's characters differ. |
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The 3-factor theory
Arrived at super factors of neuroticism, extroversion/introversion, and psychoticism
Initially just had e/iversion and neuroticism
Arrived at these ideas by doing factor analysis of Cattell's factor analysis. |
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Thought trait theory failed to show consistency across situations i.e. aggressive in some aspects but not in others
Individual’s behavior, when closely examined, was highly dependent upon situational cues, rather than expressed consistently across diverse situations that differed in meaning.
consistency would be found in distinctive but stable patterns of if-then, situation-behavior relations that form contextualized, psychologically meaningful “personality signatures |
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Famous philosopher
Duck/rabbit picture
One is not interpreting the picture as a rabbit, but rather reporting what one sees.
Ambiguity proves difference in minds but one is not right vs the other
very keen on understanding the meaning of individual words.
family resemblance
concepts like friendliness and greediness aren’t precise like if then or summary they are just vague among friends |
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Ego Psychologist
People consciously feel feelings of inferiority and take actions to make up for them.
Everyone experiences inferiority
In unhealthy neurotic form strive for superiority exert control on others
in healthy form a person experiences upward drive towards growth. |
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Growth vs fixed oriented view of intelligence
Thinks your belief in how much you can grow determines your happiness and other things.
This is important because (1) individuals with a "growth" theory are more likely to continue working hard despite setbacks and (2) individuals' theories of intelligence can be affected by subtle environmental cues. |
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People behave based on situation
Classically shown in experiment
Good People can do bad things |
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3 axis dominant, pleasure, arousal
The Pleasure-Displeasure Scale measures how pleasant an emotion may be. For instance both anger and fear are unpleasant emotions, and score high on the displeasure scale. However joy is a pleasant emotion. This dimension is usually limited to 16 specific values.[1]
The Arousal-Nonarousal Scale measures the intensity of the emotion. For instance while both anger and rage are unpleasant emotions, rage has a higher intensity or a higher arousal state. However boredom, which is also an unpleasant state, has a low arousal value. This scale is usually restricted to 9 specific values.[1]
The Dominance-Submissiveness Scale represents the controlling and dominant nature of the emotion. For instance while both fear and anger are unpleasant emotions, anger is a dominant emotion, while fear is a submissive emotion. This scale is also usually restricted to 9 specific values.[1] |
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Experiential thinking and rational thinking.
Experiential-(similar to primary process thinking) came early in evolution and being more influenced by emotion
Rational-(analagous to secondary processing) occurred later and is more abstract, analytical and follows logic. |
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Includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
1. Trust Versus Mistrust (infancy)
2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20s 30s)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s 50s)
8. Integrity vs Despair (60s till DEATH) |
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An American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.
Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment.
Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. |
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In our theory, reasoning depends on the construction of mental models of possibilities.
Inferences that call for only a single model of a possibility are easier than those that call for models of multiple possibilities.
Models tend to represent only what is true, and, as a consequence, even the best reasoners succumb to systematic fallacies when falsity is at stake. |
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CBT to treat couples
idea is that couples problems are a result of faulty logic and thinking
need outside view to understand |
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Coined the term Big Five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Did factor analysis to find that these were the five traits by which you could judge people and where they felt on this 5 axis scale could determine personality |
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The proper function of Mind-body language, he suggests, is to describe how higher organisms such as humans demonstrate resourcefulness, strategy, the ability to abstract and hypothesize and so on from the evidences of their behavior.
He also claimed that the nature of a person's motives is defined by that person's dispositions to act in certain situations. |
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Ego Psychologist
She remained faithful to the basic ideas her father developed
more ordinary, practical, day-to-day world of the ego
Focused on development and said that the ego could be used as a vehicle for growth both creatively and learning |
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Rogers sees people as basically good or healthy
The entire theory is built on a single “force of life” he calls the actualizing tendency.
Rogers believes that all creatures strive to make the very best of their existence |
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B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning.
the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus
This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant
extinction is when the behavior isn't reinforced and goes away
fixed schedule leads to faster extinction as faster realization of end of reward |
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| Root theory is composed of looking at epistemologies from four standpoints. These standpoints are formism (trait), mechanism(behavior), organicism(humanism) and contextualism(situationism). It looks at the different psychology theories and fits them into the frame work. |
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Wiggins started with the lexical assumption - (the idea that all important individual differences are encoded within the natural language).
But he went further in his effort at taxonomy by arguing that trait terms specify different kinds of ways in which individuals differ.
Wiggins was most concerned primarily with interpersonal traits and carefully separated these from other categories of traits
Looked at the entire dictionary and ran factor analysis to get it down to 16 traits. |
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He created two types of temperament; inhibited and uninhibited
Inhibited refers to a shy, timid, and fearful profile of a child, whereas uninhibited refers to the appearance of bold, sociable and outgoing behaviors.
Doesn't believe there is indefinite stability in a profile as the environmental factors are always changing. |
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Nothing that says someone will do something in the past or the future.
dispositions as descriptive summaries of behavior patterns
many compared to average is what gives a person a certain character trait. |
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The first is the ego,which Jung identifies with the conscious mind. Closely related is the personal unconscious,
Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand out from all others: the collective unconscious
Archetypes-An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way |
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A person's unique psychological processes are channeled by the way s/he anticipates events.
"Every man is, in his own particular way, a scientist,"
All these theories are built up from a system of constructs. A construct has two extreme points, such as "happy-sad" and we tend to place people at either extreme or at some point in between.
he Repertory Grid is an interviewing technique which uses factor analysis to determine an idiographic measure of personality. I |
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-biographical view
He finds that it is very important how a person defines the events of their lives and how they are connected.
The connections and individual draws in turn defines their personality |
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A Paradigm shift (or revolutionary science) is, according to Thomas Kuhn in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, within the ruling theory of science. It is in contrast to his idea of normal science.
The movement, known as the Cognitive revolution, away from Behaviourist approaches to psychological study and the acceptance of cognition as central to studying human behaviour. |
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| He suggested that environment causes behavior, true; but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism: The world and a person’s behavior cause each other. |
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| Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly. |
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| The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. Let's work through an example to show you how this statistic is computed. |
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| Situationism in psychology refers to an approach to personality that holds that people are more influenced by external, situational factors than by internal traits or motivations. |
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| A person's unique psychological processes are channeled by the way s/he anticipates events. |
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| The psychology of self is the study of either the cognitive and affective representation of one's identity or the subject of experience. The earliest formulation of the self in modern psychology form the distinction between the self as I, the subjective knower, and the self as Me, the object that is known. |
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| Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved, uncorrelated variables called factors. |
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The Heritability of a population is the proportion of observable differences between individuals that is due to genetic differences.
1 indicates that all variation in the trait in question is genetic in origin
0 indicates that none of the variation is genetic |
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| the interplay between situational standards and individual beliefs. Differences in cognitive representations and activation prime reactions to specific situational cues. This social psychological emphasis upon contextual priming of memories relates to the personality concern with individual differences in cognitive structures. |
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| Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis |
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-Some characteristics of people relate to their ability to survive
-Cultures develop words to describe these characteristics
-So, our language contains the words to describe the most important individual differences
-Analysis of language should yield the important terms to describe personality
-The same terms should describe personality in different cultures, using different languages |
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Longer tests are more reliable than shorter ones and are better measures of traits
Single behavior or occasion may be influenced by extenuating circumstances unrelated to personality
Aggregation implies that traits are only one influence on behavior
Aggregation also implies that traits refer to the person's average level
Thus, personality psychologists will never be good at predicting single acts or single occasions |
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