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| The biopsychosocial model claims |
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Definition
| physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors |
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| concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness |
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| results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood |
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| gradual narrowing of coronary arteries |
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| strong competitive element, impatience and time urgency, anger and hostility |
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| relaxed, patient, easygoing |
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| persistent negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts, feelings of anger, and overtly aggressive actions |
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| malignant cell growth which may occur in many organ systems of the body |
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| the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria viral agents, or other foreign substances |
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| being aware that certain health-related behaviors are dangerous, but they erroneously view those dangers as risks for others rather than for themselves |
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| a chronic, progressive disorder marked by a growing compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that eventually interferes with health and socialization |
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| the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them stable |
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| proposes that weight tends to drift around the level at which constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium |
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| a collection of processes through which an organism utilizes the materials required for survival and growth |
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| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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| a disorder which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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| a progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug with continued use |
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| when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness |
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| when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for it |
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| excessive dose of a drug that can seriously threaten one’s life |
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| drugs or opiates derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain |
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| sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease CNS and behavioral activity |
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| drugs that tend to increase CNS and behavioral activity |
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| diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience |
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| hemp plant from which marijuana, hash, and THC are derived |
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| state of being male or female |
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| widely shared beliefs about males’ and females’ abilities, personality traits, and social behavior |
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| an orientation toward action and accomplishment |
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| an orientation toward emotion and relationships |
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| belief that male is the norm |
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| combines statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable’s effects |
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| behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally |
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| asserts that minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy |
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| asserts that individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self socialization |
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| right and left halves of the cerebrum which is the convoluted outer layer of the brain |
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| the band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (larger in females, better transfer of information) |
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| chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands |
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| acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society |
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| cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender |
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| cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender-relevant information |
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| unwelcome conduct on the basis of gender |
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| person’s identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine |
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| refers to the coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person |
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| Gender-role transcendence perspective |
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| proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others |
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| refers to the complex set of personal qualities, self perceptions, attitudes, values, and preferences that guide one’s sexual behavior |
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| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other gender |
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| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the same gender |
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| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of both genders |
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| principal class of male sex hormones |
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| the principal class of female sex hormones |
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| the first occurrence of menstruation |
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| the intense fear and intolerance of homosexuals |
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| engorgement of blood vessels |
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| when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvis area |
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| a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation |
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| areas of the body that are sexually sensitive or responsive |
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| oral stimulate of the female genitals |
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| oral stimulation of the penis |
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| inserting the penis into the vagina and pelvic thrusting |
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| Sexually transmitted disease |
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| disease or infection through sexual contact |
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| impairments in sexual functioning that cause subjective distress |
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| occur when a man is persistently unable to achieve or maintain an erection adequate for intercourse |
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| occurs when sexual relations are impaired because a man consistently reaches orgasm too quickly |
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| when people experience sexual arousal but have persistent problems in achieving orgasm |
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| involves the professional treatment of sexual dysfunctions |
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| an exercise in which partners take turns pleasuring each other while giving guided verbal feedback and in which certain kinds of stimulation are temporarily forbidden |
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| an activity that produces something of value for others |
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| both partner are employed |
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| settling for a job that does not fully utilize one’s skills,abilities, and training |
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| consists of all those who are employed as well as those who are currently unemployed but are looking for work |
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| invisible barrier that prevents most women and ethnic minorities from advancing to the highest levels of occupations |
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| symbol of all the members of that group |
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| individuals who are unemployed because their jobs have disappeared |
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| the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by competing demands from the job and the family |
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| unpaid activities people choose to engage in because the activities are personally meaningful |
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| proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease |
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| involves distinguishing one illness from another |
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| the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness |
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| a forecast about the probable course of an illness |
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| the study of distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population |
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| refers to the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period |
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| a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| marked by a chronic high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat |
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| marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger |
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| characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly |
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| fear of going out to public places |
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Definition
| chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another |
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| physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors |
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| marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin |
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| characterized by a significant loss of physical function with no apparent organic basis, usually in a single organ system |
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| excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses |
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| class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity |
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Definition
| sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting |
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| people lose their memory for their sense of personal identity |
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| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, usually very different, personalities. AKA multiple personality disorder |
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Definition
| marked by emotional disturbances that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes |
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| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure |
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| marked by the experience of both depressed and manic periods |
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| the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder |
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Definition
| marked by disturbances in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes |
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Definition
| false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality |
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| sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real external stimulus or that represent gross distortions of perceptual input |
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| dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur |
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Definition
| marked by striking motor disturbances ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity |
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| Disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior |
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| Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms |
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Definition
| severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight |
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Definition
| intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight |
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| involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise |
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| distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exercise seen in bulimia |
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| physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders |
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Definition
| involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior |
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Definition
| an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and transference. FREUD |
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| clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible |
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| the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of dream |
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| attempts to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors |
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| involves largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy |
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| when clients start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives |
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| an insight therapy that emphasizes providing supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of your therapy. ROGERS |
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Definition
| attempts to get clients to recognize their strengths, appreciate their blessings, savor positive experiences, forgive those who have wronged them, and find meaning in their lives. |
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| simultaneous treatment of several or more clients in a group |
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Definition
| involve the application of the principles of learning to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a behavior therapy used to reduce clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning |
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Definition
| behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response |
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Definition
| a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal |
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| Cognitive-behavioral treatments |
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Definition
| use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking |
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Definition
| uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders |
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Definition
| treatment of mental disorders with medication |
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Definition
| relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness |
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| physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders |
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Definition
| used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions |
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Definition
| neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements |
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Definition
| gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression |
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Definition
| drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions |
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