-Freud didn't think it needed to be tested because they knew it happened that way

-Can only "believers" understand?

-self-protective because if you disagree w/ theory then your disagreement is a product of something that can be explained by psychoanalysis

-how can someone self-report when they can't access the problem/thought?

-cognitive and neuropsychological research has shown that we can learn and process info outside of conscious awareness

-automaticity= we can learn to function in "automatic" way w/o conscious thought, but become aware when necessary= learning to drive then driving for a long time, then have a wreck now you are acutely aware of how you drive

-unconscious v nonconscious same thing?

1. Reptilian Brain=responsible for basic life processes
2. Paleomammalian Brain= Limbic system; pleasure and emotion centers
3. Neomammalian Brain= neo-cortex; higher order learning, planning, and organizing

• lower centers may allow for quick response to danger w/o conscious processing
• brain developed in stages through evolution

may be reverse of prosopagnosia, loss of emotional response to recognized faces

-thinks loved ones have been replaced by strangers; "this is not my wife"

-something gone awry in the paleomammalian and the person doesn't have the same emotional response "there is a certain feeling that I associate with my mom, and I don't have it so this must be an imposter"

-memories are malleable, not like a video, may assemble parts and pieces wrong

-Elizabeth Loftus' work on "repressed memory" and "false memory syndrome"

-use Howe's article from Lifespan to help as well

-both believed in importance of unconscious

-both believed in significance of dreams and their interpretation

-both attributed psychopathology to some blockage of flow of energy

-created own school: Analytical Psychology

-"psyche" was in three parts: ego, personal conscious, collective conscious

-conscious

-selects what comes into consciousness

-only surface layer

-includes forgotten and suppressed

-clusters into complexes

      -complexes are organized constellation of thoughts, feelings perceptions, and memories, demonstrated in related interests i.e. father complex

-was never conscious

-comes from heredity

-believed that different races had different racial memories

-others could access collective conscious, a pool of thoughts

-template idea not unlike some current cognitive psychology

-prototypical images encountered repetitively in past generations

-based on discredited ideas of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, inheritence of acquired characteristics

-common archetypes: birth, death, wise old man, trickster, demon, god, rebirth, hero

-persona=Greek word for masks; totality of our social masks

-anima & animus=our opposite gender side, our ideas/incorporationsa about other gender

-self=organizer of ourselves (opposites); express through symbols (mandalas); gives sense of unity, stability

-shadow=id-like, the "dark side"

Jung

Principle of Equivalence

and

Principle of Entropy

1. energy expended will appear somewhere else
2. energy in the personality seeks a balance

-perfect balance would require no energy expended, impossible for living organisms; equivalent to Freud's death instinct

Jung's

Teleology

and

Causality

-teleology=suggests behaviors may be driven by some purpose, design, or destiny; not caused by antecedents

-causality=traditional scientific belief that events are consequences of antecedents

-need to self-realize

Jung's

Synchronicity and

Numinosum

-Sy=was an "order"in the universe other than causality, accounting for seeming coincidences, looked toward clairvoyants; might be "intelligent design"

-Num=accounts for tendencies towards religious beliefs, a higher authority giving meaning to lives, manifested in sacred archetypes

Jung Personality Development

(PP 5)

-early years, life instincts are ascendant as individual grows and est. self

-later years, become more introverted and values are sublimated in social and religious ways

-progression is uniting opposing forces for harmonious flow of energy

-individuation=different parts of personality develop and differentiate from original indistinct wholeness

-transcendent fx=differentiated systems are integrated into perfect whole: mandalas are embelm of perfect wholeness

-Dream analysis=means of exploring complexes and pointing way to resources

-Word Association test=content, delay, and physiological measures used to uncover complexes

-introversion-extraversion=major attitudes or orientations

-unscientific

-promotes more emphasis on religion and mystical explanations

-based on discredited ideas

-supported and promoted racist ideology

-social psychology

-personality formed by society and efforts to fit in, not instincts

-called his system Individual Psychology

-goal of life is social interest

--birth order=motivated people bc they can find their "place" and children find their first "place" in family and how you are in context of your family

-fictional finalism=people are motivated by self-created assumptions; ex. the last shall be first; neurotics are stuck on these fictions and can't let go when they don't fit or aren't useful

-inferiority feelings=everyone is born with some weakness, initially "weak organ" feelings inferior and tries to compensate for it

-striving for superiority=taken from Nietzsche's "will to power"; primary human motivation; not superiority in competition but competence and mastery

-social interest=similar to Freud and Jung in that it is an inborn trait; believed humans valued contributing to society and the common good as a productive way of compensating for inferiority feelings

-style of life=most significant for personality theory, determines how people act in any situation; overaggressive, avoidant, and dependent

-creative self=third force that allows us to create style of life, not just determined by heredity and environment; power to choose, create

-neurosis=people cling to destructuve constructs, fictions; in some ways consistent w/ cognitive; lacks understanding of biological

-attached significance to birth order in formation of personality

-oldest children=responsible, leader type, scholarly,

-second children=opposite of firsts, more social/outgoing, feelings of inferiority, rebelliousness

-only children the same as youngest but gets along with and feels comfortable with adults

-engaged patient as real person; sat face to face, more active and confrontive, sometimes judgemental

-earliest memories

-focused on what patient "gained" from their symptoms, what would life be like symptom free?

THESE ARE TECHNIQUES, BUT NOT NECESSARILY FROM ADLERIAN THEORY

-As if: very similar to an REBT technique, “act different for a week” ex. Being an outgoing person; goal for the person to feel less anxiety

-Task setting: depressive woman baking a pie

-Creating images: using metaphors; focus on changing people’s thinking, restructure their thinking

-Catching oneself: just becoming aware without new behavior; similar to CBT techniques, recognize what they’re doing while they’re doing it

-Push-button: changing feelings in imagination, then pointing out ability to choose emotions

-change: insight and has cathartic experience when they recall the event and change for the positive

-more a system than theory of personality

-believed the core of man's nature is essentially positive

-theorized that a therapist who expresses unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding within a genuine relationship will catalyze psychotherapeutic change

-personality and phenomenology

-phenomenal field, self, and self-concept

-organismic valuing and conditions of worth: role of experience, introjection, congruence and incongruence

Carl Rogers

The Actualizing Tendency

-all organisms have this tendency to expand, extend, develop, mature

-fundamental life force like Freud's libido

-consciously aware of

-later called formative tendency

-many people achieve this

Carl Rogers

The Fully Functioning Person

-similar to Maslow's self-actualized person

-openness to experience

-existential living

-organismic trusting

-experiential freedom

-creativity

The actualizing (or formative) tendency is the essential motivating force in all people.

2. The actualizing tendency invariably directs    people toward personal development, fulfillment, and growth.

3. Expression of the actualizing tendency can be thwarted by adverse life events.

4. The effects of adverse life events can be ameliorated by client-centered therapy, which heals by stimulating the person’s actualizing tendency through the unique relationship it fosters.

1. Two persons are in psychological contact.

2. The first person, the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious.

3. The second person, termed the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship.

4. The therapist is experiencing unconditional positive regard toward the client.

5. The therapist is experiencing an empathic understanding  of the client’s internal frame of reference.

6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is, to a minimal degree, achieved.

Carl Rogers

Core Conditions: Congruence

Carl Rogers

Core Conditions: Unconditional Positive Regard

Carl Rogers

Theory of Psychotherapy

Carl Rogers

Relationship Therapeutic Conditions

Carl Rogers

Process of CCT

Carl Rogers'

View of "the essence of psychotherapy" in 1956

Carl Rogers

Empirically Supported Treatments

Core Conditions Applied to CBT

Humanism

A "Third Force"

What Does It Mean to Be Human?

-influenced by Gestalt Psychology

-personality is driven by a range of emotional needs

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY CONSIDERED HUMAN BRAIN MORE THAN A PASSIVE SWITCHING CIRCUIT-stimulus goes in, zings around in brain, then comes out as an output

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

1. biological needs
2. safety needs
3. love needs
4. esteem needs
5. self-actualization

MASLOW BELIEVED THESE NEEDS ARE PREPOTENT

LOWER MUST BE SATISFIED BEFORE HIGHER CAN BE CONSIDERED

-developed field theory

-liken human motivation to physics, with competing forces

LEWIN SOMETIMES LINKED TO THE GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS

SAW LIFE SPACE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FIELD AS IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

DISTINCT FROM SKINNERIAN VIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI FIELD

Kurt Lewin

Psychological Field

Abraham Maslow

Qualities of a self-actualized person

DIFFICULT THEORY TO UNDERSTAND

MAYBE FITS BEST WITH CONCEPT OF “CLINICAL PHILOSOPHY”***

RELATES TO EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY OF SARTE AND CAMUS

FOCUSES ON FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN A MEANINGLESS WORLD; WE CHOOSE MEANING***

KIND OF A DARKER VIEW THAN HUMANISM; FREEDOM MORE OF A CURSE, BURDEN

DASEIN: “BEING IN THE WORLD”  IMMEDIACY, NO CAUSALITY FROM PAST OR DETERMINATION OF FUTURE; important experience for people to have

BEING BEYOND THE WORLD:  OPENNESS TO FUTURE AND FULL POTENTIAL; future is not limited or determined

THROWNNESS:  1)WE ARE THROWN INTO OUR OWN UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES  2)THERE IS NO PURPOSE, RULES, OR ABSOLUTES

  BUT WE STILL HAVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR SELVES TO CREATE MEANING; there is no meaning, there is what we create; we are the creators

AUTHENTICITY: RETAINING OUR OWN INDIVIDUALITY IN SPITE OF PRESSURE TO CONFORM

ANXIETY: FROM LIVING INAUTHENTICALLY, ULTIMATELY EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY IS AWARENESS OF INEVITABILITY OF DEATH; normal thing; we are aware that we are going to die, always confront with the fact that our life is limited

ABSURDITY: LIVING INAUTHENTICALLY AND ULTIMATELY BEING BORN TO DIE

FALLENNESS: FALLING INTO NOTHINGNESS, LIVING A LIFE DEFINED BY OTHERS, ULTIMATELY FALLING INTO DEATH

Existential Psychology

Authenticity and Subjectivity

Existential Psychology

Crises

life has no meaning, then we die= basic principle

Existential Psychology

Four Categories of "Ultimate Concerns"

-freedom is a terrible burden

-all of us are essentially isolated, born and die alone

-alone v loneliness=never a part of someone else, you can be around people but can’t bridge that connection to be “in” another person

Existential Psychology

Theory of Personality

                      is replaced with

             AWARENESS        →     ANXIETY → DEFENSE   

 OF ULTIMATE                               MECHANISM

CONCERN

Existential Psychology

Sources of Anxiety and Conflict

Existential Psychology

Denial Systems: Specialness

Existential Psychology

Denial Systems: Belief in and Ultimate Rescuer

Existential Psychology

Rollo May

KIND OF AN AMERICAN EXISTENTIALIST

FOUR STAGES OF CONSCIOUSNESS NOT TIME STAGES, CAN OVERLAP

INNOCENCE: PREMORAL, NEITHER GOOD OR BAD, DOING WHAT MUST TO FULFILL OWN NEEDS

REBELLION:  DEFINE SELF IN OPPOSITION TO OTHERS.  DON’T UNDERSTAND RESPONSIBILITY OF FREEDOM

ORDINARY: HEALTHY MATURE PERSONALITIES, TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR OWN LIVES AND LEARN FROM MISTAKES; don’t make opposition to other people

CREATIVE: TRANSCENDENT, GLIMPSING ULTIMATE REALITY; LIKE MASLOW’S PEAK EXPERIENCES

Existential Psychology

Rollo May

Major Concepts in his Thought

DESTINY AND COURAGE

  KIND OF LIKE THROWNNESS AND AUTHENTICITY; DESTINY SETS LIMITS AND COURAGE IS FACING AND SURMOUNTING ANXIETY

DAIMONIC: NATURAL FUNCTION WITH POWER TO TAKE OVER WHOLE PERSON, LIKE CRAVING FOR SEX, POWER, FOOD

  CAN BE CREATIVE OR DESTRUCTIVE; IMPORTANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE IT AN INTEGRATE INTO PERSONALITY OR BE OVERCOME BY IT

IMPORTANCE OF MYTH:  NARRATIVE PATTERNS THAT GIVE PURPOSE TO EXISTENCE, SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TO ARCHETYPES

  WHAT ARE SOME OF OUR AMERICAN MYTHS? You can be whatever you want to be if you work hard enough, “the American dream”, Americans are special; broader than archetypes

Existential Psychology

The Question of Free Will

DO WE HAVE FREE WILL? Get over it, no, from existential

ARE WE RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR ACTIONS, OR ARE THEY DETERMINED BY GENES AND ENVIRONMENT?

WHAT ABOUT LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY?

REACTANCE: REACTION TO LOSS OF FREEDOM;  SOME SUGGEST OCCURS WHEN JUDGE TELLS JURORS TO DISREGARD SOMETHING THEY HEARD;

TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: REMEMBER JUNG,  SUGGESTS THERE IS A PURPOSE, GOAL OR END

  CONSISTENT WITH SOME HUMANISTIC THINKING,  LESS SO WITH EXISTENTIAL; free will and that we exercise it; some point ahead that we are focused on and go towards