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Perception, Consciousness
Notes on Perception, Consciousness, Sleep
74
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2009

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Term
sensation
Definition
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Term
perception
Definition
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Term
Stroop Effect
Definition
John Ridley Stroop - the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word, and then must override this first impression with the identification of the color of the word, a process which is not automatized. Used to investigate ADHD, Schizophrenia, and Anorexia.
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.
Term
selective attention
Definition
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. basketball gorilla
Term
ADD/ADHD DSM-IVTR Criteria
Definition
extreme inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Term
Controlled processes
Definition
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort - produces durable and accessible memories,
require signal detection and task switching
Term
automatic processes
Definition
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned info, such as word meanings
something happens and you don't have to try to pay attention to it
Term
spacing effect
Definition
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than cramming
Term
serial position effect
Definition
our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
Term
gestalt
Definition
an organized whole. gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes.
Term
figure-ground
Definition
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
Term
grouping
Definition
proximity - nearby figs together
similarity - group figs similar to each other
continuity - smooth, continuous patterns
connectedness - group uniform and linked things
closure - fill in gaps to create whole object
Term
perceptual constancy
Definition
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shape, size etc) even as illumination and retinal images change (opening door still rectangle)
Term
consciousness
Definition
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hr cycle.
Term
suprachiasmic nucleus
Definition
cluster of 20,000 cells that control circadian clock, causes pineal gland to decrease production of sleep-inducing melatonin in morning and increase in evening.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
looks like awake, but with large, fast eye movement periods
WVWVNNNNNNWVWV
Rapid Eye Movement sleep - occurs 1 hr after falling asleep. 10 minutes, longer as night goes on. raised breathing and heart rate, genital arousal, dreams.
Term
alpha waves
Definition
awake, relaxed. regular, small, midtempo WVWVWVWV
Term
sleep
Definition
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness (not a coma or hibernation)
Term
stage 1 sleep
Definition
tiny, somewhat less regular waves. wvwVwvwv
hallucinations (false sensory experiences), not fully relaxed
Term
stage 2 sleep
Definition
like alpha waves, but with spindles of activity.
wvwvVVWwvwvwvwvWVWVW
20 mins. more relaxed. sleep spindles - bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity
Term
stage 3 and 4 sleep
Definition
3 - large and small, mostly large WVWwvWVwVWVWV
4 - all large and slow UVUVUVUV
large, slow delta waves. hard to awaken.
Term
insomnia
Definition
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Term
REM rebound
Definition
if you miss REM one night, you spend longer in REM the next night
Term
phylogeny of sleep
Definition
must have fovea to REM, mammals and some birds have REM.
Term
ontology of sleep
Definition
babies -2/3 day. children/teens- 8 hrs. adults - 7 hrs. elderly - 10 hrs.
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
a sleep disorder characterised by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune moments
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Term
night terrors
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, 2-3 hrs after falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Term
manifest dream content
Definition
Freud - the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from latent, hidden content)
Term
latent dream content
Definition
underlying meaning of a dream. functions as a safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings.
Term
hypnosis
Definition
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Term
characteristics of hypnotizable people
Definition
fantasy-prone, ability to focus attention totally on a task, entertain fanciful possibilities.
Term
characteristics of hypnotizable people
Definition
fantasy-prone, ability to focus attention totally on a task, entertain fanciful possibilities.
Term
posthypnotic suggestion
Definition
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Term
dissociation
Definition
a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Term
biological influences on hypnosis
Definition
distinctive brain activity, nonconscious info processing
Term
social-cultural influences
Definition
presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context, role-playing 'good subject'
Term
psychological influences
Definition
focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness
Term
tolerance
Definition
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing drug's effect
Term
withdrawal
Definition
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
Term
physical dependence
Definition
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Term
addiction
Definition
compulsive drug craving and use
Term
task switching
Definition
perception involving more than one sense
Term
search
Definition
looking for cues, beginning, end, so on.
Term
feature analysis
Definition
critical features of an object that let us know what they are - kids know capital letters because they have more salient features
Term
connectionism
Definition
ability to know difference between p, d, b.
Term
template matching
Definition
knowing general outlines - block A = outline vs print A
Term
altered states of consciousness, key features
Definition
1. sensory exp changes 2. disinhibition 3. changes sense of time 4. alters sense of being seperate from world 5. ineffable, can't express in words.

ex - drugs, love, sleep
Term
restorative sleep
Definition
REM, REM rebound effect
Term
JND
Definition
Just noticeable difference - minimum difference you can differentiate. 10 lbs in 100 lbs vs 1000 lbs
Term
vicarious reinforcement
Definition
changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have
Term
vicarious reinforcement
Definition
changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have
Term
epiphenomenon
Definition
role playing in hypnotism, trying to please
Term
neodissociation
Definition
different parts that usually don't communicate are being introduced
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivating to food)
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (food)
Term
conditioned response
Definition
the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (salivation to tone)
Term
controlled stimulus
Definition
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response (bell tone)
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
learning by association
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
the closed the CS to the original CS, the more likely to have a positive CR. Ie, door bell vs tuning fork
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
when CR goes away
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increase in R (behavior) leads to increase in positive effects
Term
primary conditions
Definition
reinforcers that meet bodily needs. raise R
Term
secondary conditions
Definition
anything learned as a reinforcer (gold star) increases R
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
the reinforcer is another activity (doing hmwk = read)
Term
vicarious reinforcement
Definition
changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have. raises R
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
behavior you emit turns off negative stimulus. raises R
Term
timeout
Definition
5 minutes to think about what they did wrong. lowers R
Term
punishment paradigms
Definition
emit behavior 1st and something bad happens as a result, behavior will change. lowers R
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