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Perception
Fundamentals of Sensory Perception: Chapters 1-13
641
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2011

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Term
Abney effect
Definition
The shift in hue that occurs with changes in saturation.
Term
absolute depth
Definition
The actual distance between an external object and the perceiver.
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
The minimum physical intensity that is required for a stimulus to be detected. Also called detection threshold.
Term
absorption spectrum
Definition
The function relating light absorption by a particular material to wavelength.
Term
accommodation
Definition
A change in the surface curvatures of the lens, allowing it to assume different refractive powers depending on object distance.
Term
accretion, deletion
Definition
The appearance (accretion) or disappearance (deletion) of an object with respect to another when either one or the observer is moving.
Term
achromatic channel
Definition
The neurons and fibres that encode and transmit information related to the chromatic nature of a stimulus that results in the perception of brightness (emitted light source) or lightness (reflected light source).
Term
acoustic cues
Definition
The sound components that play an important role in speech perception.
Term
action potential
Definition
A regenerative process of NA+ channel openings once threshold potential is reached, resulting in a large depolarizing event immediately followed by repolarization due to K+ efflux. The resulting spike in membrane potential is called the action potential.
Term
acuity
Definition
The ability of the visual system to process image detail. Synonymous with resolution.
Term
adaptation
Definition
(1) A brief period of reduced neuronal response that occurs after prolonged stimulation; (2) A reduction in the firing rates of neurons with continued application of a stimulus, which may in turn account for the reduced awareness of it with prolonged exposure; (3) The reduction in perceived intensity or sensitivity due to prior or ongoing background stimulation; (4) The reduction in perceived intensity that occurs with a continuously applied, non-varying tactile stimulus.
Term
aerial perspective
Definition
A pictorial cue derived from the haziness of distant objects caused by atmosphere light scattering. Also known as atmospheric perspective.
Term
afferent fibre
Definition
The peripheral and central branches of the DRG neuron that form a continuous cable, carrying somatosensory signals from the periphery to the spinal cord.
Term
afferent signal
Definition
A neural signal that is transmitted from the periphery toward the brain.
Term
ageusia
Definition
[uh-gyoo-zhuh] A total loss of taste sensation.
Term
agnosia
Definition
An inability to recognize or identify the structure and form of objects.
Term
allocentric
Definition
A frame of reference that specifies object locations independent of the viewer. Also known as exocentric.
Term
amacrine cell
Definition
A type of retinal neuron that may contribute to the surround response through the lateral connections among bipolar and ganglion cells.
Term
amplitude
Definition
The maximum pressure change of sound in one direction relative to the baseline. The greater the displacement of a vibrating body, the greater the amplitude of pressure change in the resulting sound wave.
Term
analgesia
Definition
[an-l-jee-zee-uh] The absence of the sense of pain.
Term
anion, cation
Definition
[an-eye-on; cat-eye-on] Anions are negatively charged ions, whereas cations are positively charged.
Term
anosmia
Definition
[an-oz-mee-uh] A loss of olfactory function that can be total (general anosmia) or specific to a particular odor (specific anosmia).
Term
anterolateral system
Definition
A fribre tract along the frontal (antero) and side (lateral) margins of the spinal cord that transmits touch signals present in Aδ and C fibres (i.e., warmt, cold, and pain).
Term
aperture
Definition
An opening, such as the hole in the iris (pupil), through which light may enter.
Term
aperture condition
Definition
A condition that restricts a visual scene to a small area, such as when viewing it through a tunnel or hole (aperture).
Term
aperture problem
Definition
An inability to distinguish the true movement direction of an edge or line when viewed through an aperture due to the fact that it will only be seen to move perpendicular to its axis.
Term
aphasia
Definition
An impaired abililty to speak (Broca's aphasia) or understand language (Wernicke's aphasia).
Term
apparent motion
Definition
An illusory motion that results when a stimula is presented at one location, turned off, and then shown at a different location shortly afterwards.
Term
aqueous humour
Definition
A watery liquid found in the compartment immediately behind the cornea.
Term
are A1
Definition
The primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe of both cerebral hemispheres.
Term
area FEF
Definition
Frontal eye fields - a cortical area in the frontal lobe that is involved in motor processing related to eye movements.
Term
area LIP
Definition
Lateral intraparietal area - a cortical area in the parietal lobe that is involved in motor processing related to eye movements.
Term
area MT
Definition
A cortical area first identified in monkeys in which the majority of neurons are directionally selective. The name MT is derived from its approximate anatomical location in the middle-temporal part of the brain.
Term
area V1
Definition
The current and most commonly used scientific name for the primary visual cortex.
Term
aromatherapy
Definition
The use of aromatic oils to enhance moos and, according to some claims, cure ailments from back pain to the discomforts of pregnancy.
Term
articulation
Definition
The adjustments and movements of the vocal apparatus involved in producing a sound.
Term
astigmatism
Definition
A lack of symmetry in the curvature of the cornea causing a blurred retinal image along the affected direction.
Term
astrocyte
Definition
A type of glial cell that provides structual support to neurons, regulates the ionic balance in the fluid surrounding neurons, and helps for a tight seal around blood vessels.
Term
audition
Definition
The sense of hearing with particular reference to the sensory aspects involved in that process. This is distinguished from the term acoustics, which refers only to the study of the physical characteristics of sound and sound waves.
Term
auditory scene analysis (ASA)
Definition
The process by which the auditory system segregates and analyzes incoming sounds from the multiple sources to provide a perceptual representation of the entire auditory scene.
Term
azimuth
Definition
[az-uh-muh'th] The horizontal angular value of the direction of the sound source.
Term
bandpass noise
Definition
A noise signal that contains a limited range of sound frequencies.
Term
bandwidth
Definition
The range of frequencies contained in the noise signal (i.e., the difference between the highest and lowest frequency values).
Term
bel, decibel
Definition
A measure of relative intensity given by the logarithm of the ratio of a measured sound intensity to that of a standard reference (log [Is/Ir]). Once decibel equals one-tenth of a bel. dBSPL
Term
Bell-Magendie law
Definition
The principle that the dorsal root of spinal nerves carries sensory signals into the spinal cord, whereas the ventral root carries motor signals out to the muscles.
Term
Bezold-Brücke effect
Definition
A change to hue perception whereby increasing the intensity of wavelengths above 510 nm causes hues to shift more toward yellow and wavelengths below 510 nm to shift more toward blue.
Term
binaural
Definition
Related to sound stimulation of both ears. Binaural neurons can be triggered by stimulation of both cochlea.
Term
binaural masking level difference (BMLD)
Definition
The detection threshold improvement that accompanies the masking reduction of noise from binaural hearing.
Term
binaural summation
Definition
The integration of sound signals from the two ears by the auditory nervous system.
Term
binding problem
Definition
The problem of correctly assembling the elementary features at the pre-attentive stage into a coherent visual object.
Term
binocular fusion
Definition
The process of integrating retinal images from the two eyes to create a single visual percept.
Term
binocualr rivalry
Definition
A phenomenon that occurs when different images are presented to each eye. Suppression of visual information from one eye on the other causes only one of the images to be perceived at any given time. Also know as binocular suppression.
Term
binocular summation
Definition
The advantage in visual function that occurs through the additive input of signals from both eyes.
Term
binocular vision
Definition
Vision with two eyes.
Term
binocularity
Definition
Pertaining to both eyes. Binocular neurons are responsive to light stimulation through either eye.
Term
biological motion perception
Definition
The ability to recover complex object information from a sparse set of point-light sources.
Term
bipolar cell
Definition
A type of retinal neuron located in the inner nuclear layer that conducts signals between photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
Term
bistratified ganglion cell
Definition
An anatomically distict type of ganglion cell involved in processing chromatic information and whose receptve fields show B/Y and Y/B organization.
Term
bleaching
Definition
The process by which a non-functional form of rhodopsin is created after light absorption.
Term
blindsight
Definition
An ability to respond to visual stimuli in the absence of perceptual awareness ir sight.
Term
Bloch's law
Definition
The trade-off between threshold intensity (I) and stimulation time (T) such that the product of the two must reach a critical value (C) for light detetion. Mathematically expressed as I*T=C.
Term
body reflection
Definition
The reflection that occurs after light interacts with moleules inside an object. The nature of the molecules is responsible for producing the wavelength content of the reflection and therefore the chromatic appearance of the object.
Term
brightness, lightness
Definition
The perceptual quality that correlated with the physical parameter of light intensity. Brightness is the term used when the light stimulus arises from an emitting source, whereas lightness is the term used when the stimulus arises form body reflection off an object.
Term
broadband noise
Definition
A noise signal that encompases much of the audible frequency range.
Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition
A generalized loss of language production ability that follows from damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe.
Term
calibration
Definition
To establish a precise relationship between two different variables (e.g., the volume on a sound-producing device and the actual air pressure produced at the eardrum).
Term
callus
Definition
A hardened or thickened part of the skin that usually occurs from repetitive or excessive strain. A common site for calluses is the palm at the base of the fingers.
Term
capsaicin
Definition
the actve ingredient in chili peppers, which causes the hot burning sensation.
Term
categorical perception
Definition
A perceptual pattern that is stable depsite small changes in the acoustic signal (such as time) until it comes to a point where it crosses a boundary and enters a new category.
Term
central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
the term given to the brain and spinal cord.
Term
central pain
Definition
Pain that occurs dur to activation in the central pain pathways rather than nociceptive signals from peripheral sites.
Term
centre-surround antagonism
Definition
A common arrangement found in receptive fields where the neural response to the light placed in the cetre is opposite to that in the surround.
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
A thin band of cells that covers the surface fo the brain. Also known as neocortex.
Term
cerebrum
Definition
The largest part of the brain, consisiting of the two cerebral hemispheres.
Term
charactersitic frequency
Definition
The sound frequency at which the lowest sound intenstiy is required to produce a sufficient neural response in a single auditory fibre. This is the frequency at which the fibre is most sensitive.
Term
chemogustometry
Definition
The application of chemical solutions to the tongue to determine taste function.
Term
chemotopic organization
Definition
An organized representation of different taste primaries in the gustatory system.
Term
chromatic channel
Definition
The neurons and fibres that encode and transmit information related to the chromatic nature of a stimulus that results in the perception of hue.
Term
chromaticity
Definition
The quality of a colour.
Term
cilia
Definition
Small hair-like filaments that project from the terminal end of the sensory neuron's dendrites into the mucus layer. There can be anywhere from five to 30 cilia per dendrite.
Term
ciliary muscle
Definition
A thin muscle located around the peripheral rim of the lens whose contraction causes the lens to become more rounded, thereby increasing it refractive power.
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition
A set of cylical biological functions based on the day-night light cycle.
Term
co-articualtion
Definition
The effect of adjacent sound pattersn on the production of a given phonetic segment.
Term
co-articulation problem
Definition
The difficulty in parsing speech due to overlapping speech segments that occur from the contextual relationship between adjacent phonetic segments.
Term
cochlea
Definition
A coiled, fluid-filled bony chamber within the trmporal bone where sound energy is transduced into neural signals. Also referred to in broad terms as the inner ear.
Term
cochlear implant
Definition
A prosthetic device that partially restores hearing ability by converting sound into an electical current that is used to stimulate the nerve fibres in the cochlea.
Term
cochlear microphonic
Definition
An alternating current generated by the movement of stereocilia belonging to the outer hair cells during acoustic stimulaion of the organ of Corti.
Term
cocktail party effect
Definition
The ablility to distingush a signal, such as someone's speech, in the midst of background noise.
Term
colour afterimage
Definition
A transient visual impression with altered colous that appears on am empty field to which gaze has been shifted after prolonged viewing of a colourful stimulus.
Term
colour circle
Definition
A graphical scheme that portrays the spectral colours in a circular manner.
Term
colour constancy
Definition
The tendency for a colour to look the same under widely different viewing conditions.
Term
colour contrast
Definition
A phenomenon in which the colour of an object is affected by the colour of surrounding objects.
Term
colour signal
Definition
The wavelength content of light signals entering the eyes to produce colour perception. The colour signal depends on both the reflectance spectrum of the object and the eission spectrum of the light illuminating it.
Term
colour space
Definition
A spatial representation of colour according to perceptual similarity.
Term
colour vision
Definition
The ability to differentiate lights (or objects that reflect light) only on the basis of their spectral composition (i.e., wavelength content), even if the lights appear to be of equal subjective brightness.
Term
colour-opponent neuron
Definition
A neuron that shows an excitatory response to one colour and an inhibitory response to its opponent colour.
Term
compass test
Definition
Use of a standar compass - a two-pronged probe where the spatial separation between the points can be varied - to explore the minimum spearation that is detectable as two separate points on the skin.
Term
complementary colours
Definition
Any pair of colours that lie at opposite ends of the colour circle, which when mixed together produce a neutral colour, such as white.
Term
complex tone
Definition
A sound made up of multiple frequency components that are equally spaced from one another (i.e., the fundamental and higher harmonics).
Term
compression, rarefaction
Definition
The alternating states of increased and decresed pressure, respectively, on a medium prodiced by a sound source.
Term
computational load
Definition
A neural processing requirement imposed by a particular sensory, motor, or behavioural function.
Term
concave lens
Definition
A lens with its surfaces bowed inward, causing light to diverge after passing through it.
Term
concentration
Definition
A measure of the amout of dissolved substance per unit volume of a solution.
Term
conductive loss
Definition
An impairment of sound transmission through the outer and middle ear components resulting in reduced transfer of sound energy to the cochlea.
Term
conjunctive eye movements
Definition
Simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction.
Term
consonant
Definition
(1) A pleasant subjective impression created by certain superpositions of two or more musical tones; (2) a speech sound made by constricting or closing the air path somewhere within the vocal tract.
Term
contingent aftereffect
Definition
An aftereffect that is dependent upon the combination of two different stimulus attributes.
Term
contour
Definition
The specific pattern of pitch changes as a function of time that forms a characteristic feature of each melody.
Term
contralateral
Definition
An anatomical structure on the opposite side of the body.
Term
contrast sensitivity function (CSF)
Definition
A general descriptor of spatial visual function. Shown by way of grating visibility, represented by the inverse of the contrast threshold value plotted for a range of spatial frequencies.
Term
convergence
Definition
An inward rotation of both eyes needed to shift gaze to a closer object.
Term
convex lens
Definition
A lens with its surfaces bowed outward, causing light to converge after passing through it.
Term
cordotomy
Definition
[kawr-dot-uh-mee] Surgical sectioning of a small segement of the spinal cord through which the anterolateral pathwat transverses.
Term
cornea
Definition
The transparent from part of the eyeball that serves as the first refractive component.
Term
corollary discharge
Definition
(1) A copy of a motor command that is sent to perceptual centres. Also know as efference copy; (2) When the motor centres of the brain produce a voluntary movement, a copy of the neural command to the muscles is made available to the perceptual centres of the brain so that it knows what limb movements have just been initiated. The term efference copy is also used.
Term
correct rejection
Definition
When no stimulus is preset in a trial (noise trial) and the subject answers NO.
Term
correlated dot motion
Definition
A type of motion stimulus in which a certain proportion of dots move coherently in one direction, whereas the remainder move in random directions.
Term
correspondence problem
Definition
The challenge of finding a set of points in one image that can be correlated with the same set ina successively presented image.
Term
corresponding retinal images
Definition
Retinal images that are formed at analogous points in the two eyes.
Term
cranial nerves
Definition
Sensory and motor nerves that emerge from the brain stem and process to various parts of the head, face, and neck.
Term
criterion (β)
Definition
A set-point or cut-off point that is internally established by the subject. On those trials where sensory magnitude exceeds β, the subject will id=ndicate that a detectable sensory event has occurred and will respond YES. If the sensory magnitude fails to reach β, then the subject will respond NO.
Term
criterion effects
Definition
A pre-existing bias for a particualr sensory quality that can affect recognition threshold measures.
Term
critical band
Definition
The range of frequencies that can mask a tone of a particular frequency. The critical band provides an estimate of the functional bandwidth of an internal filter.
Term
critical flicker fussion (CFF)
Definition
A condition at which the temporal change in a stimulus is too rapid for flicker detection. The flickering stimulus becomes too fused with the background and appears to be uniform.
Term
cross-adaptation
Definition
The reduction in perceived intensity or sensitivty to a compound due to the adaptation to a different one.
Term
cross-correlation
Definition
A measure of the similarity between two different imputs.
Term
crossed disparity
Definition
A disparity in the binocular retinal images whereby the temporal image is located farther away from the fovea than the nasal image. This situation arises when an object is situated closer than the horopter.
Term
cross-fibre coding
Definition
The notion that sensory neurons are triggered by a broad range of stimuli. In the gustatory sustem, this hypothesis asserts that taste neurons can be stimulated by multiple taste primaries.
Term
cross-modality matching
Definition
The use of stimuli from different domains (e.g., sound vs. light intensity) to make comparisions of the relative magnitudes that are produces in different sensory systems.
Term
crystalline lens
Definition
A convex, elastic structure situated within the eyeball that represents the second refractive element. Often referred to simply as the lens.
Term
cycle
Definition
The region spanning two adjacent identical points of a waveform.
Term
cyclopean perception
Definition
The perception of a unitary reality, such as the singleness of vision.
Term
cytoarchitectonics
Definition
The architecture of the cerebral cortex in terms of its cellular composition and distribution among different layers. Different regions of th cortex display distinctive cytoarchitctonic features.
Term
cytochrome oxidase blobs
Definition
A patch-like mosaic of discrete areas in the upper layers of area V1 that show more intense staining for the protein cytochrome oxidase than in neighbouring interblob areas.
Term
d’ (d-prime)
Definition
The difference between the meas of the noise signal + noise distributions. According to SDT, d’ can increase either by increasing the strength of the signal or by increasing the strength of the signal or by increasing the sensitivity of the detector.
Term
dark adaptation
Definition
Detection sensitivty to a light spot wen measure in the dark at various times after photoreceptor bleaching.
Term
dark current
Definition
The inward flow of sodium ions through cGMP0gated sodium channels in the absence of light.
Term
day vision
Definition
Visual processing mechanism that operates under medium to intense light conditions.
Term
deaf-mutism
Definition
A loss of oral language ability due to profound deafness in early childhood.
Term
dendritic field
Definition
The physical space covered by the dendrites of a single neuron over whice it is able to collect signals from other neurons.
Term
depolarization
Definition
A positive shift in the membrane potential that is usally caused by the influx of Na+ ions into the cell.
Term
depth of field
Definition
The range of object distances that produces a sharp image. The smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field.
Term
dermatome
Definition
The area of skin innervated by the dorsal root of a single spinal nerve. The body representation of all dematomes is called the dermatomal map.
Term
deuteranopia
Definition
A form of dichromacy caused by a missing M cone photopigment.
Term
dichotic stimulation
Definition
Binaural stimulation whereby the sound quality reaching each ear is different. The situation arises when the sound source is off the mid-sagittal axis, resulting in a greater path length to the farther ear.
Term
dichromacy
Definition
A colour vision system that depends on the output of two independent detectors.
Term
difference threshold
Definition
The minimum change in physical intensity that is required for a moticeable change in sensation. Difference thresholds are always determined at suprathreshold levels. Also called discrimination threshold.
Term
diffraction
Definition
(1) The bending of light around the edges of an object. This phenomenon can only be explained if light has wave-like motion rather than travelling merely as a stream of particles; (2) The bending of waves around small obstacles.
Term
diffusion
Definition
A fundamental law of physics in which molecules at high concentration in one compartment will migrate to a neighbouring one if the concentration there is lower.
Term
ditotic stimulation
Definition
Binaural stimulation whereby both ear receive the same quality of sound. The situation arises when the sound source is directly in front of or behind the head along the mid-sagittal axis; resultng in equal path lengths to both ears.
Term
diplopia
Definition
Double vision.
Term
directional slectivity
Definition
(1) The preference of a neuron for a visual stimulus moving in a particular direction compared to all other possible directions; (2) The preference of neuron for a visual stimulus moving along a particular direction in comparison to all other possible directions.
Term
directional tuning curve
Definition
A radial plot of neural response for stimulus movement in various directions.
Term
discrimination scaling
Definition
The application of difference threshold measurements to estimate sensory magnitude functions. The theoretical foundation for this approach is based on the notion that JNDs represent a constant unit of sensory change, regardless of the actual operating level. Also known as confusion scaling.
Term
disjunctive eye movements
Definition
Movement of the two eyes in opposite directions.
Term
disparity selectivity
Definition
A property of binocular neurons showing enhanced firing when two retinal images are spatially positioned with respect to each in precise ways according to the optical definition of zero, crossed, or uncrossed disparity.
Term
dissonant
Definition
An unpleasant subjective impression created by certain superpositions of two or more muscial tones.
Term
divergence
Definition
An outward rotation of both eyes needed to shift gaze to a more distant object.
Term
dorsal column
Definition
A fibre tract along the dorsal margin of the spinal cord that transmits touch signals present in Aβ afferent fibres. These signals inclode both SA and FA types generated by steady and dynamic touch stimuli.
Term
dorsal column nuclei
Definition
A pair of nuclei located on either side of the midline in the medulla (lower part of the brain stem). The dorsal column fibres terminate here and synapse onto neurons that project to the thalamus.
Term
dorsal cortical stream
Definition
An interconnected network of anatomically and functionally distinct areas in the parietal lobe that process specific aspects of visual information.
Term
dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
Definition
A collection of neurons located adjacent to the spinal cord. Fibres from these neurons reach the skin where they terminate either as free endings or in an encapsulated from. All somatosensory signals from the skin are captrued and transmitted to the spinal cord by dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Term
dorsal visual stream
Definition
A series of interconnected brain areas largely within the parietal lobe that together are responsible for processing spatiotemporal relationships and dynamic aspects of the visual signal, such as object movement.
Term
double-opponent neurons
Definition
Neurons found in area V1 that are both spatially and chromatically opponent.
Term
dual process theory
Definition
The idea that a two-stage mechanism exists in the visual system, combining both trichromatic and colour-opponent theories for processing colour.
Term
dual-theory of light
Definition
The theory that light is composed of particles known as photons that have wave-like motion when they travel.
Term
dynamic range
Definition
The intensity range between the terminal and detection thresholds for a particular frequency. The dynamic range for all audible frequencies represents the auditory response region of suprathreshold hearing.
Term
dysgeusia
Definition
A distortion of taste sensation.
Term
eccentricity
Definition
Deviation from the centre.
Term
efference copy
Definition
A copy of the motor command that is sent to various parts of the brain, including those engaged in perceptual function. Also known as corollary discharge.
Term
egocentric
Definition
A frame of reference that specifies object locations relative to a viewer's current position.
Term
Ekman's law
Definition
The amount of sensory change needed to produce a JND is not constant, as Fechner postulated, but rather a linear function of the initial or operating level of sensation. Ekman's law is the sensory counterpart of Weber's law.
Term
elasticity
Definition
The property that enables an object to recover from distortion to its original shape.
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
The record obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the localized electrical activity in the underlying cortex.
Term
electrogustrometry
Definition
The application of electrical current to the tongue through and electrode to determine taste function.
Term
electromagnetic radiation
Definition
The energy radiate in the form of a wave that results from the motion of an electric charge. The wave is characterized by a coincidental fluctuations in the intensity of an electric and a magnetic field as the wave propagates.
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
The full range encompassing the shortest to the longest possible wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.
Term
elevation
Definition
The vertical angual value of the direction of the sound source.
Term
emission spectrum
Definition
(1) A plot of intensity (or energy) of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, such as the Sun, as a  function of wavelength; (2) A plot of the energy content of a light source as a function of wavelength within the visible range. Also called spectral diagram.
Term
Emmert's law
Definition
The perceived size of a constant retinal image is proportional to the perceived distance at which it is located.
Term
emmetropia
Definition
An optically normal eye where the power of the cornea-lens combination is sufficient to refract incoming parallel light rays to produce an image on the retina.
Term
endorphins
Definition
A family of morphine-like substances that are produced in the brain and blind to opiate receptors to produce analgesic functions.
Term
epithelial cells
Definition
Closely packed cells that fit together to form continuous sheets that are found on the surface of the body or in the lining of its cavities.
Term
equal loudness contour
Definition
A function that shows the intensity values needed to match loudness among single tones within a range of frequencies. Also known as Fletcher-Munson curves.
Term
equally tempered scale
Definition
The division of an octave into 12 equal intervals of log frequency.
Term
esthesiometer
Definition
A set of calibrated fibres, each producing a different force when applied to the skin. The early sets used animal hair, whereas modern ones are developed from nylon firbes.
Term
ether
Definition
An all-encompassing, massless fabric of space postulated in medieval times as the medium through which light transmission took place.
Term
eustachian tube
Definition
A narrow tube that connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx (back of the throat). Its main purpose is to ventilate the middle ear chamber and equalize any pressure differences between it and the outside atmosphere.
Term
event-related potentials (ERPs)
Definition
Electrical activity produced by sensory stimulation and picked up in and EEG.
Term
external auditory canal
Definition
The narrow canal that transmits sound from the pinna to the eardrum.
Term
extraocular muscles
Definition
The six muscles the insert into each eyeball and that are individually or collectively involved in its various movements.
Term
extrastriate areas
Definition
Cortical areas that lie beyond the striate cortex (area V1). Many of these areas in the parietal and temporal lobes have been shown to process different aspect of visual fucntion.
Term
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
Definition
Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X, respectively. These nerves, especially VII and IX, carry gustatory signals to the brain.
Term
false alarm
Definition
When no stimulus is present ina trial (noise trial) and the subject answers YES.
Term
far point
Definition
The farthest point that can be seen clearly. For a normal eye, this is point is optical infinity.
Term
feature integration theory (FIT)
Definition
An influential theory of object perceptin based on the assembly of low-level features into a complex visual object.
Term
Fechner's law
Definition
The logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation magnitude proposed by Gustave Fechner in 1860.
Term
feedback connection
Definition
An anatomical connection from a higher cortical area to a lower one.
Term
feed-forward projection
Definition
An anatomical connection form a lower cortical area to a higher one.
Term
figure-ground segregation
Definition
The perceptual segmentation of parts, objects, or groups in the foreground against that of a background collection of objects.
Term
first-order motion
Definition
Motion perception derived from the movement of objects that have a lightness (luminance) difference form their background. The moving borders are defined solely on the basis of luminance cues.
Term
flavour
Definition
The combination of sensory influences such as tatse, smell, touch, and vision that together produce a complex perceptual impression during eating.
Term
flicker
Definition
A visual stimulus that appears and disappears in a cyclical manner over time.
Term
fMRI
Definition
Funcitonal magnetic resonance imaging - a non-invasive imaging technique that relies on capturing radio waves from spinning atoms.
Term
form primitive
Definition
A simple structure unit that is used to create more complex form representations in vision.
Term
formant
Definition
The principal frequencies or resonances of a speech sound.
Term
formant transitions
Definition
Rapid shifts in a spectrogram that are a characteristic feature of consonnt-vowel pairing.
Term
Fourier analysis
Definition
A mathematical operation that deconstructs a complex wave pattern into a specific set of sine-wave functions, each with a particular frequency and amplitude.
Term
Fourier spectrum
Definition
The result of Fourier analysis as depicted in the frequency domain. The amplitude of each sine-wave componen is plotted as a function of its frequency.
Term
fovea
Definition
A small pit in the centre of the retina.
Term
foveal pit
Definition
A physical depression in the retina caused by the shifting of neurons to one side.
Term
free fusion
Definition
The ability to bring a pair of adjacent objects (or pictures) into a fused overlap by wilfully crossing or uncrossing the eyes.
Term
frequency
Definition
The number of complete cycles per unity of time, which if measured in seconds is denoted as hertz (Hz).
Term
frequency response curve (FRC)
Definition
A plot of the neural discharge rate as a function of sound frequency. FRCs for any given auditory fibre are usually shown at different sound intensity levels.
Term
frequency theory
Definition
The basilar membrane vibrates in its entirety to the full range of frequencies that are audible to humans and these vibrations are then directly encoded by the firing rate of auditory neurons.
Term
function
Definition
A mathematical description of how one variable is related to another and generally expressed as a formula. If S represents perceived intensty of sensation and I represents stimulus intensity, then a linear function would have the form S = k * I where k represents the slope of the function.
Term
functional anatomy
Definition
(1) A field of neuroscience dedicated to understanding anatomical details of functional specialization; (2) The study of how anatomical features, such as cortical columns, contribute to the function of the nervous system leading to perception.
Term
functional architecture
Definition
The structural layout of neurons with a particular functional preference in any given part of the cerebral cortex.
Term
fundamental
Definition
The lowest frequency component in a complex tone. Also known as the first harmonic.
Term
fundamental frequency
Definition
The lowest frequency in a harmonic series. Also known as the first harmonic.
Term
fusiform face area (FFA)
Definition
An area in the human brain that becomes specifically activated when subjects are exposed to face images.
Term
gamma rays
Definition
High energy photons that are released by radioactive substances or after collisions between atomic particles.
Term
ganglion
Definition
A localized collection of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, such a collection is called a nucleus.
Term
gate control theory
Definition
Spinal transmission of nociceptive signals is controlled by activity in an inhibitory interneuron, which synapses onto a projection neuron. Non-nociceptive influences from the brain or large afferent fibres influence the activity of the interneuron and therefor gate the transmission of pain signals.
Term
geniculocortical pathway
Definition
Visual pathway from the LGN to the visual cortex through the optic radiation.
Term
geons
Definition
The three-dimensional primitives that serve as the building blocks if RBC theory. Short for geometric ions.
Term
Gestalt psychology
Definition
(1) A school of thinking that was developed in the 20th century that emphasized the concept of the "whole" rather than the constituent parts of a psychological phenomenon, such as perception; (2) The psychological theory that perceptions arise in a holistic manner by virtue of the totoal mental assembly of its constituent parts.
Term
glomerulus
Definition
A confined spatial unit in the olfactory bulb where several thousand acons from olfactory sensory neurons converge. Each glomerulus is believed to act as a small functional module for processing olfactory information.
Term
glottis
Definition
The opening between the vocal folds through which air flows into and out of the lungs.
Term
grating
Definition
A repeating series of black and white bars.
Term
gustatory system
Definition
A chemosensory system that deals with the detection of dissolved chemicals and that produces the perceptual impressions of taste.
Term
gyrus (gyri)
Definition
An elevated convolution on the surface of the brain, usually separated by sulci on either side.
Term
hair cell
Definition
An excitable cell characterized by a set of filaments (stereocilia) that protrude from its upper surface. Two different types - the inner and outer hair cells - are distinguished on the basis of their location within the organ of Corti.
Term
haptic perception
Definition
The ability to identify thee-dimensional objects through active manipulation.
Term
harmonic
Definition
Frequency components that are exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. All the components together form a harmonic series.
Term
harmonic series
Definition
The sinusoids, or harmonics, in a musical tone related by a whole number multiple of the lowest or fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, then the harmonic series is 200, 300, 400 Hz and so on.
Term
head shadow effect
Definition
The reflection of sounds off the head.
Term
hearing
Definition
Refers specifically to the act of perceiving sound and is therefore distinguished from the physical operations that inderlie auditory function.
Term
hedonics
Definition
The judgment of sensory quality in terms of positive or negative apprecisation (live vs. dislike).
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
The oxygen-carrying protein that is found inside red blood cells.
Term
Hermann grid
Definition
A series of illusory spots that appear at the intersections of a grid pattern.
Term
hertz (Hz)
Definition
Temporal frequency specified as cycles of change per second. The term is named after German physicist Heinrich Hertz.
Term
heuristics
Definition
The most logical or best-guess solution to a problem using the available information.
Term
histology
Definition
Study of the fine structure and organization of a tissue or organ at the microscopic level.
Term
hit
Definition
When a stimulus is present in a trial (signal + noise trial) and the subject answere YES.
Term
holisitic
Definition
Incorporating all of the parts to create a "whole" rather than merely being the sum of those parts.
Term
homotopic connection
Definition
Neuronal connections where the same parts of a body map are interconnected.
Term
homunculus
Definition
[huh-muhng-kyuh-luh's] The term generally used to refer to the hwole body representation in a prticular cortical structure, such as the somatosensory cortex. The primary motor cortex, located anterior to the central sulcus (precentral gyrus), also has an orderly body representation that is called the motor homunculus. The Latin origin of this term means little man.
Term
horizontal cell
Definition
A type of retinal neuron involved in generating the surround response by way of the lateral connections it makes among alrge groups of photoreceptors.
Term
horopter
Definition
The sum of all points in space that yield retinal images at analogous points in the two retinae while fixating an object at a fixed distance.
Term
hue
Definition
The chromatic quality of a colour that we indicate by its name, such as blue, green, yellow, etc.
Term
hyperacuity
Definition
A term applied to the very low tactile discrimination thresholds that are found with spatially extensive stimuli in comparison to the traditional two-point test.
Term
hypercolumn
Definition
A cortical module that encompasses one pair of ocular dominance columns and a complete series of orientation columns.
Term
hyperopia
Definition
A refractive condition of the eye in which the length of the eyeball is too short in comparison to its optical power.
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
A negative shift in membrane potential that somteimes occurs at the end of an action potential due to an excessive efflux of K+ ions.
Term
hyposmia
Definition
A reduction in olfactory detection or recognition threshold.
Term
ice-cube model
Definition
A 3-D model of area V1 where ocular dominance and orientation columns run perpendicular (90º) to each other.
Term
ideal detector
Definition
A detector (animal or machine) that can always detect a signal when its intensity is above a certain defined level (threshold) and always fails to detect it when it is below that level.
Term
image raster
Definition
The distribution of light in a point-wise amnner across an area, such as the retina, a computer monitor, or television.
Term
in vivo, in vitro
Definition
In vivo studies take place within the living body of an animal, whereas in vitro studies take place outside.
Term
increment threshold
Definition
The extra amount of light intensity needed to just distinguish a light spot from its background.
Term
induced motion
Definition
A visual illusion in which a small stationary object appears to be moving when surrounded by a larger moving object or background.
Term
inertia
Definition
The tendancy of a body to maintain its state of motion, whether it is at rest (zero) or moving in a particular direction.
Term
inferior temporal cortex (IT)
Definition
The cortical mass along the lower (posterior) segment of the temporal lobe where visual functions that make up the ventral stream are processed.
Term
infrasonic
Definition
Sound frequencies below 20 Hz.
Term
inner nuclear layer
Definition
Te middle layer of neurons in the retina that process and transfer neural signals from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells.
Term
insula
Definition
An area of the cerebral cortex in the frontal lobe that is located within the sylvian fissure. The insula and surrounding cortex together make up the primary gustatory cortex.
Term
intensity
Definition
The amount of acousting energy transmitted througha  unit of are in a given time. Sound intensity is related to the square of sound pressure.
Term
interaural intensity difference (IID)
Definition
A difference in sound intensity arriving at the two ears for dichotic sounds.
Term
interaural time difference (ITD)
Definition
A difference in arrival time at the two ears for dichotic sounds.
Term
internal capsule
Definition
A fibre tract containing axons from the thalamus and projecting to the somatosensory cortex.
Term
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Definition
An internationally recognized set of symbols for designating th ephonetic characteristics of all speech sounds.
Term
interneurons
Definition
Neurons that process information within the central nervous system. Local interneurons process information within specific brain sites, whereas projections interneurons transmit information, often over large distances, to other brain sites in the same or opposite hemisphere.
Term
interocular transfer
Definition
A phenomenon in which the effects of sensory adaptation through one eye can be experienced through the other eye, suggesting that the adaptation effects are being mediated in area V1 or beyond.
Term
intramodal matching
Definition
Comparing differenct aspects of a stimulus within a partiular sensory domain or madlity (e.g., different wavelengths of light on brightness perception, different tone frequencies on loudness perception, taste sensations generated by sweet vs. sour substances, etc.).
Term
inverse square law (sound)
Definition
Sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
Term
inverse square law (radiation)
Definition
The amount of radiation passing through a specific area is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
An anatomical structure on the same side of the body.
Term
iris
Definition
A pigmented curtain-like structure situated immediately in front of the lens.
Term
isofrequency sheets
Definition
A single layer of neurons in the inferior colliculus that all display the same characteristic frequency.
Term
isoluminance
Definition
A condition where the total light level is the same across a visual stimulus but the chromaticity varies.
Term
isomerism
Definition
Difference in the spatial arrangement of atoms in otherwise identical chemical compund.
Term
 just noticeable difference (JND)
Definition
A change in sensation (ΔS) that is sufficient to allow that mental event to be just detected. The JND, which is a psychological parameter and therefore cannot be experimentally determined, is the subjective counterpart of the difference threshold (ΔI), which is a physical parameter that can be experimentally derived.
Term
kinesthesis
Definition
The sensation of the movement of the body, muscles, tendons, and joins.
Term
kinetic depth
Definition
A depth cue that arises from the relative movements of different objects in the visual world.
Term
kinetic depth effect (KDE)
Definition
The perception of a 3-D object generated from motion signals of a 2-D image.
Term
labelled-line coding
Definition
The notion that sensory neurons are slective to only a specific type of stimulus. In the gustatory system, this hypothesis asserts that taste neurons are selective to only one of the taste primaries.
Term
lateral inhibition
Definition
A fundamental property of the nervous system where a neuron is inhibited by sensory input into surrounding areas through a network of lateral connections.
Term
lateralization
Definition
The idea that certain beahvioural functions are dominated by one hemisphere; the lateralization of certain sensory or cognitive functions within a particular cerebral hempisphere.
Term
law of outward mobility
Definition
The greater the mobility of the body, the greater the spatial rsolution. Although this is true for the upper extremities (e.g., arms, fingers), it does not necessarily hold true for other body parts.
Term
L-cone
Definition
Cone photoreceptors type optimized for capturing long-wavelength light, with a peak absorbance at 560 nm.
Term
lens aberrations
Definition
Optical factors in lens refraction that produce imperfect imaging, especially in the peripheral parts of the retina.
Term
lesion studies
Definition
Surgical removal of a brain region in an animal followed by careful inspection of any bevaioural deficits. An extension of this idea in humans is taken from behavioural studies following traumati brain injury, surgical intervention, or pathology.
Term
light ray
Definition
The straight-line path of a photon as it travels outward from the light source.
Term
lightness
Definition
Perceptual impression of the amount of lights reflected by an object surface.
Term
lightness constancy
Definition
The similarity in the lightness perceptions of objects despite large changes in envrionmental illumination.
Term
lightness contrast
Definition
Differences in lightness perception of an object or surface due to the intensity of the surround.
Term
limbic system
Definition
A region of the brain concerned ith motivation, emotion, and certain kinds of memory.
Term
linear perspective
Definition
The projection of parallel lines in 3-D as a set of convergin lines in a 2-D representation.
Term
lobotomy
Definition
Surgical removal of brain tissue form one of the four cortical lobes, usually the frontal lobe.
Term
log-log plot
Definition
A graph where bth the x- and y-axis represent the logarithm of the respective data points.
Term
longitudinal wave
Definition
A type of wave motion in which the direction of particle movement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In sound, for example, the back and forth movement of air particls occurs in the direction that the wave is travelling.
Term
loudness
Definition
The magnitude of the perceived impression created by the sound of a particular physical intensity.
Term
luminance
Definition
The amount of visible light coming into the eye from an emitted or reflected source.
Term
Mach bands
Definition
An illusion of dark and light abnds on either side of a boundary separating two bars of different light intensity.
Term
magnitude estimation
Definition
A psychophysical scaling procedure developed by STanley S. Stevens in which human subjects are required to make numerical estimates of the sensory magnitudes that are evoked by stimuli fo different physical intensities.
Term
magnocellular neurons
Definition
Neurons with large cell bodies (e.g., in layers 1 and 2 of the LGN).
Term
masking
Definition
The process by which the detection threshold of a sound is elevated in the presence of other sounds.
Term
McGurk effect
Definition
The influence of visual cues in combination with the acoustic signal in the perception of speech sounds.
Term
M-cone
Definition
Cone photoreceptor type optimized for capturing middle-wavelength light, with a peak absorbance at 530 nm.
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors found in skin that transduce touch signals - such as pressure, vibration, heat, and cold - into neural signals that are transmitted to the brain.
Term
medial lemniscus
Definition
A fibre tract containing axons from the dorsal column nuclei and projecting to the thalamus.
Term
mel
Definition
A pitch scale in which a 1000 Hz tone has a value of 1000 mels.
Term
melatonin
Definition
A hormone produced and secreted intp the bloodstream by the pineal gland.
Term
melody
Definition
A sequence of musical tones that forms a succession of pitches in musical time.
Term
membrane potential
Definition
A voltage difference across the cell membrane that arises due to the separation of charges. The inside of the cell is negative comapared to the outside.
Term
metamer
Definition
A situation where two object, surfaces, or light sources appear to be identical in colour even though the spectral content of the light coming from them is different.
Term
metaethic
Definition
Sensations that rely on a substitutive process such that changing some aspect of the stimulus alters the quality of the sensory impression.
Term
Method of Adjustment
Definition
A psychophysical method in which the subject directly adjusts stimulus intensity to produce a detectable sensation.
Term
Method of Constant Stimuli
Definition
A psychophysical method in which stimulus intensity values are randomly chosen from a preset range. The subject's responses over many trials are stored and later used to generate a response frequency for each intensity level.
Term
method of fractionation
Definition
A psychophysical scaling procedure where subjects are required to set the intensity of a stimulus so that its perceived magnitude is double that of a reference. The procedure cn also be used to make intensity settings that evoke half the perceived magnitude.
Term
Method of Limits
Definition
A psychophysical method in which stimulus intensity is systematically increased or decreased by the experiement until the subject gives a change in response.
Term
method of magnitude estimation
Definition
A psychophysical scaling procedure developed by S. S. Stevens in which human subjects are required to make numerical estimates of sensory magnitudes evoked by stimuli of different physical intensities.
Term
microelectrode
Definition
Term
microneurography
Definition
Term
microsaccade
Definition
Term
midget ganglion cell
Definition
Term
mid-line stereopsis
Definition
Term
Mie scattering
Definition
Term
minimal audibility curve
Definition
Term
minimum audible field (MAF)
Definition
Term
minimum audible pressure (MAP)
Definition
Term
minute arc
Definition
Term
mirror neurons
Definition
Term
miss
Definition
Term
modality
Definition
Term
modality segregation
Definition
Term
monaural
Definition
Term
mondegreen
Definition
Term
monochromacy
Definition
Term
monochromatic light
Definition
Term
monocular
Definition
Term
moon illusion
Definition
Term
motion adaptation
Definition
Term
motion aftereffect
Definition
Term
motion parallax
Definition
Term
motor map
Definition
Term
multi-dimensional scaling
Definition
Term
multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons
Definition
Term
multi-sensory integration
Definition
Term
musical pitch
Definition
Term
musical scale
Definition
Term
myelin
Definition
Term
myopia
Definition
Term
nanometre
Definition
Term
near point
Definition
Term
neurolinguistics
Definition
Term
neuron doctrine
Definition
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
Term
neutral colour
Definition
Term
night vision
Definition
Term
nociception
Definition
Term
nodal point
Definition
Term
noise
Definition
Term
nonspectral colour
Definition
Term
normal
Definition
Term
nucleus (nuclei)
Definition
Term
nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
Definition
Term
nyctalopia
Definition
Term
Nyquist limit
Definition
Term
nystagmus
Definition
Term
object tracking
Definition
Term
occlusion
Definition
Term
octave
Definition
Term
ocular
Definition
Term
ocular cue
Definition
Term
ocular dominance
Definition
Term
ocular dominance columns
Definition
Term
oculomotor
Definition
Term
odotope
Definition
Term
odourant binding protein (OBP)
Definition
Term
odourants
Definition
Term
OFF/ON ganglion cell
Definition
Term
ogive
Definition
Term
Ohm's law of hearing
Definition
Term
olfactometer
Definition
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
Term
olfactory nerve
Definition
Term
olfactory system
Definition
Term
oligodendrocyte
Definition
Term
olivocochlear neurons
Definition
Term
ON/OFF ganglion cell
Definition
Term
opponent colour theory
Definition
Term
opponent process
Definition
Term
optic axis
Definition
Term
optic chiasm
Definition
Term
optic disk
Definition
Term
optic flow
Definition
Term
optic tract
Definition
Term
optical imaging
Definition
Term
optical infinity
Definition
Term
optimal disaprity
Definition
Term
optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)
Definition
Term
orbitofrontal cortex
Definition
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
Term
orientation columns
Definition
Term
orientation selectivity
Definition
Term
orientation tuning curve
Definition
Term
ossicles
Definition
Term
otitis media
Definition
Term
otosclerosis
Definition
Term
ototoxic
Definition
Term
palate
Definition
Term
Panum's fusional area
Definition
Term
papilla
Definition
Term
paradigm
Definition
Term
parallelism
Definition
Term
parasol ganglion cell
Definition
Term
parvocellular neurons
Definition
Term
perfect pitch
Definition
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
Term
peripheral neuropathy
Definition
Term
perspective projection
Definition
Term
phantom pain
Definition
Term
phase-locked response
Definition
Term
phenomenology
Definition
Term
pheromone
Definition
Term
phon
Definition
Term
phoneme
Definition
Term
phonemic resotration effect
Definition
Term
phonetic boundary
Definition
Term
photocromatic interval
Definition
Term
photopic vision
Definition
Term
photoreceptor
Definition
Term
phototransduction
Definition
Term
phrenology
Definition
Term
physiological zero
Definition
Term
pigment epithelium
Definition
Term
pinna
Definition
Term
pitch
Definition
Term
place theory
Definition
Term
plane-polarized light
Definition
Term
point localization error
Definition
Term
point source
Definition
Term
point spread function
Definition
Term
polyphonic
Definition
Term
pop-out phenomena
Definition
Term
position constancy
Definition
Term
postcentral gyrus
Definition
Term
power function
Definition
Term
power law
Definition
Term
precentral gyrus
Definition
Term
presbycusis
Definition
Term
presbyopia
Definition
Term
presynaptic, postsynaptic
Definition
Term
primary colour
Definition
Term
primary olfactory cortex
Definition
Term
primary somatosensory cortex (area S-I)
Definition
Term
principle of univariance
Definition
Term
problem of the missing fundamental
Definition
Term
proprioception
Definition
Term
preoprioceptor
Definition
Term
prosopagnosia
Definition
Term
protanopia
Definition
Term
prothetic
Definition
Term
psycholinguistics
Definition
Term
psychometric function
Definition
Term
psychophysical function
Definition
Term
psychophysics
Definition
Term
PTC, PROP
Definition
Term
pupil
Definition
Term
pure tone
Definition
Term
Purkinje shift
Definition
Term
Purkinje tree
Definition
Term
random-dot stereogram
Definition
Term
ratio scaling
Definition
Term
raw primal sketch
Definition
Term
Rayleigh scattering
Definition
Term
reading glasses
Definition
Term
receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
Definition
Term
receptive field
Definition
Term
receptor potential
Definition
Term
recognition-by-components (RBC)
Definition
Term
referred pain
Definition
Term
reflectance spectrum
Definition
Term
refraction
Definition
Term
refractive index
Definition
Term
refractive power
Definition
Term
Reichardt detector
Definition
Term
relative depth
Definition
Term
relative pitch
Definition
Term
resonant frequency
Definition
Term
response bias
Definition
Term
retina
Definition
Term
retinal disparity
Definition
Term
retinal field
Definition
Term
retinal ganglion cell (RGC)
Definition
Term
retinal magnification
Definition
Term
retinal stabilization
Definition
Term
retinex theory
Definition
Term
retinotopic organization
Definition
Term
reverberation time
Definition
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
Term
rhythm
Definition
Term
Ricco's law
Definition
Term
saccade
Definition
Term
saccadic suppression
Definition
Term
saturating power
Definition
Term
saturation
Definition
Term
scaling
Definition
Term
schematic eye
Definition
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
Term
sclera
Definition
Term
S-cone
Definition
Term
scotopic vision
Definition
Term
second messenger
Definition
Term
second-order motion
Definition
Term
segmentation problem
Definition
Term
semitone
Definition
Term
sensorineural loss
Definition
Term
sensory transducer theory
Definition
Term
signal
Definition
Term
signal detection theory (SDT)
Definition
Term
simple harmonic motion
Definition
Term
sinusoidal function
Definition
Term
size constancy
Definition
Term
smooth pursuit
Definition
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition
Term
solmization
Definition
Term
somatosensory
Definition
Term
somatotopic map
Definition
Term
somatotopic representation
Definition
Term
sone
Definition
Term
sound spoectrograph
Definition
Term
spatial frequency
Definition
Term
spatial resolution
Definition
Term
spatial sampling
Definition
Term
spatial summation
Definition
Term
spatiotemporal
Definition
Term
spectral
Definition
Term
spectral sensitivity function
Definition
Term
spectrogram
Definition
Term
spectrophotometry
Definition
Term
specular reflection
Definition
Term
spiral ganglion
Definition
Term
spontaneous activity
Definition
Term
spoonerism
Definition
Term
staff
Definition
Term
staircase procedure
Definition
Term
step function
Definition
Term
stereo-blindness
Definition
Term
stereocilia
Definition
Term
stereogram
Definition
Term
stereopsis
Definition
Term
stereoscope
Definition
Term
stimulus
Definition
Term
striate cortex
Definition
Term
structuralism
Definition
Term
structur-from-motion (SFM)
Definition
Term
subcortical
Definition
Term
subcortical auditory structure
Definition
Term
subglottal system
Definition
Term
subthreshold
Definition
Term
sulcus (sulci)
Definition
Term
summation response
Definition
Term
superior olive
Definition
Term
superior temporal sulcus (STS)
Definition
Term
suppression response
Definition
Term
suprathreshold
Definition
Term
synapse
Definition
Term
synaptic potential
Definition
Term
Tadoma
Definition
Term
tastants
Definition
Term
taste bud
Definition
Term
tau
Definition
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
Term
tempo
Definition
Term
temporal contrast sensitivity function
Definition
Term
temporal frequency
Definition
Term
temporal resolution
Definition
Term
temporal summation
Definition
Term
TENS
Definition
Term
terminal threshold
Definition
Term
texture gradient
Definition
Term
thermal
Definition
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
Term
timbre
Definition
Term
time to collision (TTC)
Definition
Term
tinnitus
Definition
Term
tip link
Definition
Term
tonal masking
Definition
Term
tone chroma
Definition
Term
tone height
Definition
Term
tonotopic map
Definition
Term
touch
Definition
Term
transduction
Definition
Term
transmission spectrum
Definition
Term
trichromatic theory
Definition
Term
trigeminal chemoreception
Definition
Term
tritanopia
Definition
Term
tuning curve
Definition
Term
tuning fork
Definition
Term
two-alternative forced choice (2AFC)
Definition
Term
two-point limen
Definition
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
Term
ultrasonic
Definition
Term
umami
Definition
Term
uncrossed disparity
Definition
Term
upolarized light
Definition
Term
value
Definition
Term
variation problem
Definition
Term
vection illiusion
Definition
Term
velocity
Definition
Term
ventral cortical stream
Definition
Term
ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMN)
Definition
Term
vestibular apparatus
Definition
Term
vestibular system
Definition
Term
vestibulocochlear nerve
Definition
Term
vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
Definition
Term
vibrotactile stimulation
Definition
Term
Vieth-Müller circle
Definition
Term
visible light
Definition
Term
visual cortex
Definition
Term
visual egocentre
Definition
Term
visual field
Definition
Term
vitreous humour
Definition
Term
vocal folds
Definition
Term
voiced, voiceless
Definition
Term
voice-onset time (VOT)
Definition
Term
voiceprint
Definition
Term
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
Definition
Term
vowel
Definition
Term
wagonwheel effect
Definition
Term
wave fronts
Definition
Term
wavelength
Definition
Term
Weber's fraction (k)
Definition
Term
Weber's law
Definition
Term
Wernicke's aphasia
Definition
Term
white noise
Definition
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