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Perception - exam 2
n/a
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/28/2011

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Term
Gestalt
Definition
the school of psychology that stressed the importance of wholes or forms or configurations.
Term
“The whole is more than the sum of the parts” refers to?
Definition
Gestalt
Term
Gestalt psychologists believe that we perceive objects as?
Definition
well-organized wholes
Term
Three important psychologists in Gestalt theory were?
Definition
Koffka, Kohler and Wertheimer
Term
Who introduced Gestalt Psych to America?
Definition
Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
Term
did experimental demonstrations of did experimental demonstrations of “insight” “insight”
Definition
Wolfgang Kohler
Term
responsible for beginning transposition studies and also did Umweg studies.
Definition
Kohler
Term
What is insight for a Gestalt psychologist?
Definition
reorganization of the perceptual field
Term
What is insight for a behaviorist?
Definition
change in behavior
Term
Who investigated apparent movement which is based on that phenomenon?
Definition
Max Wertheimer, the phi phenomenon
Term
The perception of movement created by the successive blinking of adjacent lights is called what?
Definition
The Phi Phenomenon
Term
what are basic Gestalt principles of perception?
Definition
Continuity, proximity, similarity, closure, familiarity, and common fate
Term
This law says that connected spots that form a smooth line will be seen as together.
Definition
The law of continuity or good continuation
Term
This principle says that objects that are physically close will be perceived as a group.
Definition
The principle of proximity
Term
A Gestalt principle that refers to the tendency to group together things that are similar to each other
Definition
Similarity
Term
A tendency to see complete letters on a neon sign, even though some of the bulbs are burnt out, illustrates ?
Definition
closure
Term
what says familiar objects tend to form groups?
Definition
The law of familiarity or meaningfulness
Term
what can be illustrated by things moving in the same direction?
Definition
common fate
Term
The general Gestalt principle that all the principles led to were called?
Definition
The law of Pragnanz (good Gestalt), the law of good figure, or the law of simplicity.
Term
An illustration of the law of Pragnanz is the Zeigarnik effect, which is?
Definition
the tendency to remember incomplete tasks longer than finished tasks.
Term
In an illusory contour figure you will see
Definition
contours that are not physically present
Term
Figure-Ground belongs to what school of psychology?
Definition
Gestalt
Term
the perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings.
Definition
Figure-Ground
Term
what is figure one moment may be ground in the next moment is an example of?
Definition
Ambigous figure ground
Term
A heurestic experiment is:
Definition
one that generates more research (also a rule of thumb?)
Term
An algorithm
Definition
is a systematic approach to problem solution (“the opposite of a heuristic”).
Term
What are penumbra/umbra?
Definition
Penumbra: fuzzy border of a shadow umbra: the shadow
Term
Brightness
Definition
apparent amount of light coming from object
Term
Lightness
Definition
intensity of light reflected from a surface, the apparent whiteness or grayness of an object.
Term
Illuminance
Definition
when light strikes a surface while luminance is the light reflected.
Term
WHat are the four types of constancies?
Definition
Size, shape, lightness, and color
Term
The main function of perception is
Definition
to decode the transient retinal image in order to achieve constancy.
Term
Our tendency to perceive size independent of retinal image is
Definition
Size constancy
Term
If size perception were based on retinal image size, horses would get _____ as they rode away.
Definition
smaller
Term
The ___________ constancy theory is one possible explanation for the____________ illusion.
Definition
misapplied size constancy theory, Muller-Lyer illusion
Term
The misapplied size constancy theory may also explain
Definition
Ponzo illusion ((wiki note: the Ponzo illusion is judging an object's size based on its background)
Term
a possible explanation of the moon illusion is
Definition
The apparent distance hypothesis
Term
______ is our tendency to perceive _____ independent of retinal image.
Definition
Shape constancy, shape
Term
our tendency to consider surfaces the same despite changes in illumination is
Definition
Lightness constancy
Term
Our perception of lightness constancy is controlled by
Definition
ratios not by absolutes
Term
Changes of illumination will
Definition
leave color constant until the Purkinje shift occurs
Term
when you leave class after dark and all of the cars in the dimly lit parking lot are gray except yours, which is still yellow is an example of?
Definition
Color constancy
Term
Constancy is an
Definition
illusion
Term
a stimulus that leads to erroneous perception in almost all members of a species
Definition
An illusion
Term
a perception that is not shared by other members of the species
Definition
A hallucination
Term
Illusions are not
Definition
conceptual but perceptual
Term
Do illusions originate in the retina?
Definition
No
Term
Do illusions result from movements in the eye?
Definition
No
Term
The human responses to visible light are:
Definition
intensity, wavelength, and purity are, in the same order, brightness, hue and saturation
Term
Color is primarily determined by
Definition
wavelength
Term
The human responses to visible light are:
Definition
intensity, wavelength, and purity are, in the same order, brightness, hue and saturation
Term
The addition of other wavelengths to a monochromatic light does what?
Definition
Reduces its saturation.
Term
A fully saturated color is a
Definition
very vivid color
Term
All of the perceptible colors can be matched by the proper mix of
Definition
three primary colors no two of which are complementary to each other.
Term
Sources of light are additive. The additive colors are
Definition
are usually red, green and blue.
Term
Paints and objects are
Definition
Subtractive mixtures
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