Term
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Definition
| A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another. |
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Term
The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social scripts influence social perception in two ways: |
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Definition
1. We see what we expect to see in a situation.
2. We use what we know about social situations to explain the causes of human behaviour. |
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Term
| Have dating scripts changed over time? |
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Definition
| No, they have remained relatively the same over the past 20 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proccess by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animals and inanimate objects (including other people). |
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Term
Behavioural cues are not only used to identify someone's physical actions but also to...
(finish the sentance) |
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Definition
| determine his or her inner states. |
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Term
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Definition
| reveals a person's feeling without words through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues. |
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Term
| What are the 6 primary, recognizable across cultures, emotions? |
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Definition
1. Happy
2. Sad
3. Anger
4. Fear
5. Disgust
6. Surprise |
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Term
People are more accurate at judging faces from their own national, ethnic, or regional groups than from members of less familiar groups.
True or False? |
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Definition
True
we tend to enjoy "ingroup advantage" |
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Term
| What happens to the brain when someone sees another person sniff something gross vs. sniffing something gross themselves? |
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Definition
| The same reaction occurs for each situation. A structure called the insula is activated in both cases when studied. |
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Term
| How accurate are people at judging truth and deception? |
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Definition
| Not very - only about 54% |
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Term
There are two reasons that people are not very good at judging truth and deception.
What are they? |
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Definition
1. There is a mismatch between behavioural cues that actually signal deception and those we use.
2. People assume the way to spot a liar is to watch for signs of stress when in fact this doesn't tell us anything of the sort. |
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Term
| Name the 4 channels of communication. |
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Definition
1. Face
2. Body
3. Spoken Word
4. Voice |
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Term
| Which is the most telling channel of communication? |
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Definition
The voice.
People tend to hesistate when telling a lie. The speed of their voice fluctuates and the pitch of their voice is raised. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour. |
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Term
To interact effectively with others we need to...
(finish the sentance) |
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Definition
| know how they feel and when they can be trusted. We must also identify their inner dispositions to effectively predict their future behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck. |
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Term
| Correspondence Inference Theory |
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Definition
| Predicts that people try to infer from action whether the act corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of an actor. |
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Term
There are three factors that are the basis of inferences made by people.
What are they? |
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Definition
1. Degree of choice.
2. Expectedness of theh behaviour
3. Intended effects or consequences of one's behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribue behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and are absent when it does not. |
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Term
| There are three kinds of information in Covariation Theory that help to determine attribution. What are they? |
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Definition
1. Consensus - how do different people react to the same stimulus?
2. Distinctiveness - how does the same person react to different stimuli?
3. Consistency - What happens to the behaviour at another time when the person is paired with the same stimulus? |
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Term
| What are the two ways in which social percievers differ? |
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Definition
1. the extent to which they believe that human behaviours are caused by personal characteristics that are fixed.
2. some are more likely to proccess info in ways that are coloured by self-serving motivations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendancy to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendancy for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviours.
people do not exhibit this bias when asked to predict the behaviour of groups outside their own or when predicting aspects of others that they share but see as particular to themselves rather than typical. |
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Term
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Definition
The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.
perception is affected more by fear, anxiety, and other emotions than by cold and objective properties. |
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Term
People tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar.
True or False? |
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Definition
True.
the more unfamiliar it is, the more scary it is. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not. |
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Term
| Top 3 Regrets that people have? |
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Definition
1. Education
2. Career
3. Romance |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendancy to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people's behaviour. |
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Term
People are not profoundly influenced by the situational contexts of behaviour.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
They are indeed profoundly influenced by the situational contexts of behaviour. |
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Term
| Two Step Model of the Attribution Proccess |
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Definition
Behvaiour -> Personal Attribution
P- Attribution -> Situational Attribution
=
Dispositional Inference
the first step is automatic
the second step takes a lot more effort |
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Term
Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when explaining the behaviour of others.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Language and culture can influence the way people think about time, space, objects, and other aspects of the physical world around them.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Culture does not influence the way we view social events.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to seek more info about their strength than about weaknesses. They overestimate their contributions to group efforts and exaggerate their control. They tend to also predict a rosy future. |
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Term
We underestimate the extent to which others think, feel, and behave as we do.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
We tend to overestimate these things in part to assure ourselves that our ways are correct, normal, and socially appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to disparge victims. |
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Term
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Definition
because if it was personal and not situational then there is still a chance for an alternative outcome for the person blaming.
This happens when the victim's situation is similair to that of the perciever's or when the perciever identifies with the victim. |
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Term
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Definition
the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression.
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Term
| Information Integration Theory |
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Definition
The theory that impressions are based on (1) perciever dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person's traits.
Moderate traits dilute rather than add to negative or positive traits. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information.
Works best subliminally. |
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Term
| Implicit Personality Theory |
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Definition
| A network of assumptions people make about the relationships amoung traits and behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
1. extroversion
2. stability
3. openness
4. agreeability
5. conscientiousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendancy for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information. |
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Term
One bad trait may be enough to ruin a person's reputation.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Sensitivity to negative information is found in infants less than a year old.
True or False?
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Definition
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Term
The impact of trait info on our impressions of others depends not only the characteristics of the perciever and target but also on context.
Two in particular: |
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Definition
1. Implicit theories of personality
2. The order in which we receive information about one trait relative to other traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impression than information presented later.
First impressions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to reduve cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited. |
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Term
People are slow to change their first impressions on the basis of new information.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead to that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. |
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Term
The notion that we can create a self fulfilling prophecy by getting others to behave in ways we expect is a myth.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of social perception |
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Definition
perciever -> observation -> persons/situations/behaviour
(route 1)-> snap judgments -> impressions
(route 2)-> attribution -> dispositions -> integration -> impressions
-> confimation -> perciever |
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