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| was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. |
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| was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He was one of the four original doctors of the Church. |
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| enedict's main achievement is his "Rule", containing precepts for his monks. It is heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian, and shows strong affinity with the Rule of the Master |
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| He was the first of the popes to come from a monastic background. Gregory is a Doctor of the Church and one of the Latin Fathers. |
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| as the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings |
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| called in contemporary sources "Hugh the Great" (Latin: Hugo Magnus),[2] was the first King of the Franks of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the Carolingian Louis V in 987 until his death. |
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| was King of the Franks from 1108 until his death (1137). Chronicles called him "roi de Saint-Denis". |
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| n the third century, he was Bishop of Paris. He was martyred in connection with the Decian persecution of Christians, shortly after A.D. 250. |
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| was one of the last Frankish abbot-statesmen, an historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture. |
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| Hildebrand, or Pope Gregory VII |
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| One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV |
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| Henry IV, emperor of German Roman Empire |
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| was King of the Romans (also referred to as King of the Germans[1]) from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105 |
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| was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. |
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| Pope Innocent was central in supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council |
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| is credited as the founder of the Waldensians, a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages, |
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| was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. |
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| William the Bastard, otherwise known as William the Conqueror |
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| was the first Norman King of England from 1066 until 1087 |
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| John Lackland, king of England |
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| During John's reign, England lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century |
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| called the Fair, was King of France from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre |
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| he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He worked with the Parliament of Paris in order to improve the professionalism of his legal administration. |
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| Today, he is probably best remembered for his feuds with Dante, who placed him in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divina Commedia |
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| English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher,[1] translator, reformer and university teacher at Oxford in England, who was known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers were known as Lollards |
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| was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, Hus is considered the first Church reformer (living prior to Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli). |
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| was an early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. |
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| was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. |
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| was an Italian Renaissance philosopher.[1] He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man |
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| Frederick the Wise of Saxony |
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| He is notable as being one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther,[1] Lutheranism, and the Protestant Reformation. |
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| was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. |
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| was King of France from 1515 until his death. During his reign, huge cultural changes took place in France and he has been called France's original Renaissance monarch.[1] His permanent rivalry with the Emperor Charles V for hegemony in Europe was the origin of a long and ruinous military conflict that gave rise to the Protestant revolution. |
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