Term
| what is metatarsus adductus? |
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Definition
| Toes point inward, curvature of lateral foot. Most common congenital deformity |
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Term
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Definition
| Club Foot. Happens in boys more often than girls. Commonly bilateral. |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind Equinovarus? |
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Definition
| Intrauterine positioning, vascular issues, muscular disorders, genetic component and familial tendency. |
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Term
| How do they treat Equinovarus? |
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Definition
Casting from 8-12 weeks old.
Surgery from 3-12 months old.
Splints and corrective shoes are used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental Dysplasia of the hip. WHen the acetabulum and femoral head are not aligned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hip instability, dislocation, subluxation, and acetubular dysplagia. |
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Term
| What are complications that you would look for in a child with DDH? |
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Definition
| Skin breakdown at cast sights, poor muscle growth. Neurovascular status |
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Term
| What does SCFE stand for? |
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Definition
| Slipper capital femoral epiphysis/ |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of SCFE? |
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Definition
| Limp, hip pain, loss of hip motion. Acute and chronic. Seen in Boys, african americans, children who are obese, have endocrine disorders or sports injuries. |
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Term
| What medical management is involved in caring for the child with SCFE? |
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Definition
| Surgery to stabilize the joint, no weight bearing, bed rest, spica cast, and traction. |
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Term
| What are the causes of Congenital Scoliosis? |
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Definition
| Myelomeningocele, Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy. |
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Term
| What are the causes of acquired Scoliosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does scoliosis manifest itself? |
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Definition
| Truncal asymmetry, Uneven shoulders, hips, prominent scapula, unilateral rib "hump" |
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Term
| What are some treatments for scoliosis? |
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Definition
Mild (10-20):physical therapy
Moderate (20-40): Boston Brace
Severe (> 40) Spinal fusion, bone grafting, orthotics post op, and halo traction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular bending of the neck and spine so that the head is resting on the shoulder. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Arched back stomach protruding. |
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Term
| Which children are at risk for osteoporosis? |
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Definition
Low birth weight/premature
Spina Bifida
Cerebral Palsy
Turner's Syndrome
DM
RA
Growth hormone deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the bone, most often in the long bones. |
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Term
| What lab tests would identify osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
| ESR, c-reactive protein, Blood cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short stature, short arms and legs, torso normal size. Chromosome 4 abnormality. |
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Term
| What are some complications of Achondroplasia? |
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Definition
| Frequent otitis media, hydrocephalus, bowing of legs, sleep apnea, lordosis, low back and leg pain, maintaining a positive self image. |
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Term
| What is marfan's syndrome? |
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Definition
| An autosomal dominant disease that's a connective tissue disorder that causes a slew of abnormalities. |
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Term
| What abnormalities are common with Marfan's syndrome? |
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Definition
Cardiac-MVP, aorta regurgitation, abnormal aortic root.
Skeletal- pectus excavatum, long arms/digits, scoliosis, elongated head.
Ocular- Lens subluxation
Respiratory- pnuemothorax. |
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Term
| What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Osteogensis imperfecta? |
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Definition
| Blue sclera, fragile or brittle bones, thin soft skin, weakened dentition, hearing loss. |
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations that a child has a mental health issue? |
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Definition
Not meeting Developmental milestones.
Difficulty with social interactions
Changes in nutritional habits
Alterations in sleep patterns
Repetitive actions
Behavioral instability
Withdrawal |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of Autism? |
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Definition
Impaired social interactions
Alterations in communication
Inability to adapt to new situations
Rigid obsessive behavior
Repetitive behaviors "head banging, hitting, biting, self-destructive behavior" |
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Term
| Explain the difference between ADD and ADHD |
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Definition
ADD- behavior that is inappropriate for developmental level and lacks ability to pay attention.
ADHD-ADD behaviors accompanied by hyperactivity and impulsivity. |
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Term
| Name some behavioral treatments for ADD/ADHD? |
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Definition
| Setting limits, change in environmental stimuli, decreased stimulation, praise. |
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Term
| What are some pharmaceutical approaches to treating ADD/ADHD |
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Definition
Methylphenidate "Ritalin, Concerta"
Amphetamine preparations "Adderall, Dexedrine"
Atomoxetine |
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Term
| What are some dietary interventions for treating ADD/ADHD? |
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Definition
| Decreased sugar, caffiene, preservatives, processed food, dairy. Increased protein and low carbohydrates. |
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Term
| What are some common behaviors of children who suffer from depression? |
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Definition
| Sadness, tearfulness, crying, hopelessness, anger, irritability, change in eating/sleeping patterns, expression of thoughts of suicide. Poor concentration, poor communication, low energy. |
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Term
| What are some common psychotropic meds that can be given to children with depression? |
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Definition
| SSRI's, TCA's and Prozac. |
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Term
| Name some risk factors for suicide? |
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Definition
| Previous attempts, depression, drug use, abuse, school problems, giving away possessions, substance abuse, access to firearms. |
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Term
| Differentiate between the manic and depressive states of bipolar disorder. |
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Definition
Mania- hyperactivity, irritability, high energy, aggression, hallucinations, outbursts.
Depression-sad, withdrawn, change in sleep/eating habits. Low energy, feeling hopeless or worthless. |
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Term
| What are some signs and symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| Trembling, tachycardia, restlessness, diaphoresis. "Like having a heart attack" |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of separation anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| Refusing to go to school, uneasy in new environments, perfectionistic, cling to caretaker, eager to please. |
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Term
| At what age range does schizophrenia commonly manifest itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some manifestations of Schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Social withdrawal, flat affect, poor judgment or problem solving, delusions, hallucinations, severe anxiety or fearfulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty reading, writing, or spelling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty with mathematics and calculations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty with writing, composition, and spelling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty with manual dexterity and coordination. |
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Term
| Name some common conditions associated with mental retardation? |
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Definition
| Down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, FAS, maternal infections of CMV and rubella. |
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Term
| What are some common clinical manifestations of altered LOC in a child? |
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Definition
| Restlessness or fussiness, irritability, decreased responsiveness, posturing. |
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Term
| What things can trigger seizures? |
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Definition
| Trauma, hypoglycemia, stress or anxiety, CNS infection, Metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances. |
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Term
Name the type of seizure:
Tonic-Clonic |
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Definition
|
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Term
Name the type of seizure:
Localized |
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Definition
|
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Term
Name the type of seizure:
Staring |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Name the type of seizure:
Lethargic |
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Definition
|
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Term
Name the type of seizure:
Olfactory/Visual |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate Viral from Bacterial Meningitis |
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Definition
Viral meningitis- clear CSF, Maculopapular rash, malaise
Bacterial Meningitis- Cloudy CSF, low sugar in CSF, HA, Fever, V/D Nucal Rigidity Kernigs and Brudinski's signs. Opisthotonic position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the brain caused by infection. |
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Term
| What is a common way for a child to develop Reye's syndrome? |
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Definition
| Aspirin administration. Can also come from the flu and varicella. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Reye's Syndrome? |
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Definition
| N/V, mental status change, cerebral edema, hypoglycemia, seizures, enlarged fatty liver, liver dysfunction. Progressive unresponsiveness. |
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Term
| What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome? |
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Definition
| An acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy |
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Term
| Name some signs and symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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Definition
Progressive muscular weakness, areflexia
Paralysis in ascending progression
Weakness or tingling
Self limitation |
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Term
| How do you treat Guillain Barre Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Immunoglobulin, Mechanical Ventilation, Plasmapheresis. |
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Term
| What is hydrocephalus and what is its cause? |
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Definition
| An imbalance between production and absorption of CSF. Caused by an obstruction. |
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Term
| What are some signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? |
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Definition
Early: increased head circumference, difficulty holding head up, distended veins, irritability, decreased LOC, poor feading.
Late: Apnea, CV depression, vomiting, failure to thrive, not meeting milestones, sun-setting eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural tube defect that causes a sac like protrusion on the child's back. Sensory loss, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and weakness/paralysis. |
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Term
| This syndrome involves premature closing of the cranial sutures caused by dysfunctional osteoblasts or osteoclasts. |
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Definition
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Term
| This syndrome is caused by withdrawal of substances used by the mother during pregnancy |
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Definition
| Neonatal abstinence syndrome. |
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Term
| What are some complications of Neonatal abstinence syndrome? |
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Definition
| Birth defects, low birth weight, premature birth, small head circumference, SIDS. |
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Term
| What are some common assessment findings in a baby with Neonatal abstinence syndrome? |
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Definition
| Irritability, tremors, abnormal sleep patterns, hypertonicity, seizures, lethargy, sweating, tachycardia, vomiting, poor feeding, loose stool. |
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Term
| What is neurofibromatosis/ von recklinghausen disease? |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder that causes tumors to grow along nerves, causes skin pigmentation abnormalities, and bone deformities. |
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Term
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Definition
| An umbrella term encompassing a group of disorders that affect the brain and nervous system. |
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations of Cerebral Palsy? |
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Definition
| Abnormal muscle tone, lack of coordination, developmental delays, hearing loss, language delay, seizures, MR, feeding difficulties. |
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Term
| What are some medical treatments for Cerebral Palsy? |
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Definition
| Surgical interventions, braces or splints, PT/OT, mobility assist devices, baclofen, botox, anti-epileptics, and anti spasmodics. |
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Term
| What are some assessments you should look for in a patient with neuro trauma? |
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Definition
| VS "rr, HR, BP," LOC, Cushings triad, pupillary response. IICP |
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Term
| What occurs during Neurogenic Shock? |
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Definition
| Loss of vaso-motor tone, decreased sympathetic innervation to the heart "hypotension, bradycardia, peripheral vasodilation" decreased respirations. |
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Term
| What occurs during spinal shock? |
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Definition
| Flaccidity and loss of reflexes. |
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