Term
What are the ages for
Newborn
Infant
Toddler
Early child/preschool
School
Adolescence |
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Definition
Newborn- birth to 1 mo
Infant- 1-12 mo
Toddler- 12 mo-3 year
Early child/preschool- 3-6 yr
School- 6-12 yr
Adolescence 12-adulthood (18) |
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Term
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Definition
-emotional part of personality
-present at birth, predominantly unregulated
-infant responds to all things emotionally |
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Term
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Definition
Develops after the Id during the 1st year of life
-Sense of identity as separate from other (i.e. mother is another person and not extension of self)
-begin to function individually |
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Term
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Definition
Develops between 3-6 years old
-helps regulate behavior
-develops congnitively and learns about the needs of others
-center of conscience
-sense of what and how child perceives self
-DIFFERENCE BTW RIGHT AND WRONG |
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Term
| Freuds Psychosocial Stages (times and summaries) |
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Definition
ORAL (Birth-1 year)- fixated on oral curiosity, put things in mouth to reduce anxiety and increase comfort
ANAL (1-3 years)- Ready to control elimination. Time of increasing control in other areas of life. "Terrible twos" due to recognition of newfound control; may push boundaries
PHALLIC (3-6 yr)- Sexual difference is discovered. Comparison of male and female bodies. May push away same sex parent to "marry" the parent of opposite sex
LATENCY (6-12 yr)- psychosexual "break"; child focuses on other areas of growth and learning (sports, video games), little interest in sexuality
GENITAL (12-18 yrs)- Puberty. Focus on sexuality and relationships. Develop sense of romanticism |
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Term
| At ___ months of age, a baby can lift her head and chest while on her belly and roll on her side |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the first fine motor skills to develop is _____ |
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Definition
| the ability to pinch to pick up small objects like food |
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Term
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Definition
| Startle response with sudden jarring causes extension of the head. Arms abduct and move upward. Hands form a "C" |
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Term
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Definition
| Turns in foot and toes out when sole of foot is stroked |
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Term
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Definition
| babys head turns and begins to suck when cheek or lower lip is stroked |
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Term
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Definition
| Grasp palms of hands and soles of feet when touched |
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Term
| Reflexes specific to infants usually disappear by ___ months |
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Definition
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Term
| Neonates' movements are random and erratic. They can move their ____ side to side but have little control of _____ and ___ muscles |
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Definition
Head (can move side to side)
Neck and back (little control) |
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Term
| Infants _____ their weight by 6 months and ______ it by 1 year |
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Definition
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Term
| Height increases by about _____inches a month for the first 6 months |
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Definition
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Term
| A newborns ____ grows rapidly during the first month, making it more proportional to the body |
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Definition
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Term
| By the time a baby is _____ year(s) old, his head and chest circumference are about the same |
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Definition
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Term
| Babies can turn themselves over completely by about ____months of age |
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Definition
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Term
| By ____ months of age, infants begin to crawl and then pull up on high objects |
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Definition
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Term
| There is rapid development of fine motor skills between __ and __ months of age. What are some examples of fine motor skills? |
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Definition
6-12 mo
stacking objects, scribbling, banging on pots/pans, transfer objects between hands |
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Term
Aspects of temperament
p 652 |
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Definition
Regularity
Reaction to new people and situations
Adaptability to change
Sensory sensitivity
Emotional intensity
Level of persistence
Activity level
Distractibility
Mood |
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Term
| Whose theory is the basis for family nurse practitioners? |
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Definition
Duvall's Family Development theory (p 651)
1. Marriage
2. Family with Infants
3. Family w/preschool kids
4. Family w/school children
5. Family w/ adolescent
6. Family launching young adult
7. Middle-age family
8. Aging family |
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Term
| ______ __________'s Theory of Spiritual Development contains what stages? |
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Definition
JAMES FOWLER
Undifferentiated (infancy)
Intuitive-projective (ages 2 to 6 or 7)
Mythical-literal (ages 6 to 12)
Synthetic-convention (begins around 12 or 13)
Individuating-reflexive (late adolescence) |
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Term
| Laurence ___________'s Stages of Moral Development include 3 levels: Preconventional Morality; Conventional Morality; Post-conventional morality (describe these 3) |
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Definition
KOHLBERG
Preconventional (concrete and egocentric, morality determined by rules, laws, punishment),
conventional (maintaining social order to be good, doing the "right thing", being a "good person"),
postconventional (personal deliberation and maturity, some never reach) |
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Term
| Carol ________'s moral development theory has 2 tracts, one for males and one for femles, unlike that of her mentor _______ ________, but with variations |
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Definition
Gilligan (mentor was L. Kohlberg).
Female moral development is based on caring and relationship
Male moral development is more based on autonomy and justice |
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Term
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Definition
Younger than 11 years old (sensorimotor, preoperational, cocnrete operational)― concrete, black and white
Older than 11 years old (formal operational)― abstract , rules not carved in stone |
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Term
Howard __________ defined ___ types of intelligence.
What are they? |
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Definition
Howard Gardner. 8 Types of intelligence:
Bodily kinesthetic- learns by touch and movement
Interpersonal - relating to others
Intrapersonal- through self reflection
Linguistic- auditory learning
Logical-mathematical-making connections
Musical- through making a song
Naturalistic- learns in the natural or animal world
Spatial- charts, maps, pics, vids |
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Term
| Jean _______ defined 4 stages of cognitive development. What are they and what are the ages? |
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Definition
Jean Piaget ― four stages
Sensorimotor (birth to age 2). Cognition through senses
Preoperational (ages 2 to 7). uses cognitive processes to respond to the world physically
Concrete operational (ages 7 to 11) much more able to organize thought in logical order
Formal operational (ages 11 to 15) -uses abstract reasoning to handle difficult concepts and can analyze both sides of an issue |
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Term
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Definition
| observation and modeling (bobo dolls) |
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Term
| Two main types of learning theorists |
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Definition
1) behavioral scientists saw the learner as passive;
2) social learning scientists emphasize the interplay of the individual within his environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| - influence of culture on development |
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Term
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Definition
| social environment effects on development |
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Term
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Definition
studied infants in unfamiliar situations (the "strange situation" room)
Secure, ambivalent, or avoidant attachment styles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
separation and bonding with caregivers
three normal phases upon separation
1. protest
2. despair
3. detachment |
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Term
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Definition
| onset, location, duration, character, aggravating or alleviating, timing |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep, output (void, stool), diet, activity |
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Term
| Herb that is unsafe for children 2 years and younger |
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Definition
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Term
| this herb can cause a hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| This herb, used for insomnia, may potentiate sedative effects of other drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| This herb, used for colic, may have a laxative effect |
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Definition
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Term
| At this age/developmental level, children have 1500-2000 words in their vocab & start making sentences |
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Definition
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Term
| Page 668-669 huge table on developmental milestones |
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Definition
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Term
| For what age child is head circumference measured, and where specifically on the head is it taken? |
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Definition
2 years and younger
measure around lower forehead and above the pinna of the ears, over the occipital prominence |
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Term
| It is important when taking a health history of a child to ask about ____, _____, and _____. |
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Definition
| Play, activities, schoolwork |
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Term
| Why and how does one measure skinfold thickness? |
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Definition
_measure of degree of adipose tissue/fat
tricep or abdominal areas. take 2 readings and average them |
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Term
What is the best method to measure temperature of newborns?
If a rectal temp must be done, what is the farthest it should be placed in the childs rectum? |
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Definition
axillary
no more than 1/2 inch |
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Term
What is the most accurate way to measure pulse of children of all ages?
How long should their pulse be measured? |
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Definition
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Term
What shape is the anterior fontanel and when does it close?
What shape is the posterior fontanel and when does it close? |
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Definition
Anterior- Diamond, closes at 12-18 mo
Posterior- Triangle- closes at 1-3 mo |
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Term
| What do depression and fullness of an infant's fontanels mean? |
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Definition
| depression- dehydration, fullness- increased ICP |
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Term
| Average width of anterior fontanel |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal blood pressure of a newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| For use of an otoscope, the pinna of the ear should be pulled back and ______for children under 3 years, and back and _______for over 3 years. |
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Definition
Down and back younger than 3 years
Up and back over 3 years |
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Term
| What infections increase hearing loss risk in preschoolers? |
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Definition
| Otitis media, mumps, meningitis |
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Term
| Normal breast development in girls begins between __ and __ years of age |
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Definition
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Term
| The smaller the child, the (higher/lower) pulse and (higher/lower) blood pressure |
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Definition
| The smaller the child higher pulse and lower blood pressure |
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Term
| Where are the postauricular lymph nodes? |
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Definition
behind the ears
look at the others on p 674 (fig 21.4) |
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Term
| Where are the parotid lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| Anterior to ears, below the pre auricular |
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Term
| Why not clean the ear canal with a Q-tip? |
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Definition
| Cerumen (wax) is pushed back where it cannot be pushed out by cilia. It then dries, hardens and becomes impacted, which can lead to hearing deficits |
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Term
| What are the four risk factors for hearing problems in preschoolers? |
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Definition
-Family history
-Parental concerns regarding hearing, speech, or language development
-Infections (o. media, meningitis, mumps)
-Head trauma |
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Term
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Definition
boys more common
red, yellow and green (ishihara pseudochromic chart) |
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Term
Ocular alignment testing ( 3 types)
p 675 |
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Definition
Hirschberg test- Shine a light in eye, reflection should be in the same location on the cornea of each eye
Cover/uncover test- focusing on faraway object with one or the other eye closed, look at each eye's movement
Red reflex- viewing pupil w/opthalmascope from 10 inches away, pupil red is a normal finding |
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Term
| Where is the Point of maximal impact for the apical pulse (PMI)? |
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Definition
| 4th or 5th ICS, midclavicular line |
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Term
| What are two drugs and two non-pharmacological measures safe for reducing childrens' fevers? |
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Definition
Tylenol (best), Ibuprofen
Cooling blankets, light clothing |
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Term
| Benefits of a "medical home" |
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Definition
A child regularly sees the same primary care physician and staff.
There is coordination of care for the child.
There is an open exchange of information in an honest and respectful manner.
There is support for finding resources and information related to all stages of growth and development and medical conditions.
The family is connected to information and family support organizations.
The medical home partnership promotes health and quality of life as the child grows and develops. |
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Term
| What ages use numeric pain scale vs Wong-Baker faces? |
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Definition
Numerical= 12 years or older
WB=preschool through school age |
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Term
| Tips nurses can give to families preparing for child's doc visit |
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Definition
Bring a list of questions or concerns to discuss when visiting the primary care physician’s office.
Bring a list of any allergies that the child has, along with medications the child is currently taking.
Be ready to share information as to how the child is growing and changing. Keep track of the child’s developmental progress.
Inquire about resources including community organizations that may provide assistance.
Ask about how to receive care after normal business hours or emergency care.
Request to meet the health team members who will be working with the child. |
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Term
| What are 2 methods of reducing stress and anxiety in children who are hospitalized? |
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Definition
| Therapeutic play and Role modeling (p 707) |
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Term
| A child who is hospitalized exhibits three stages of separation: |
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Definition
Protest phase (child realizes parents are leaving and could cry, cling, and act aggressively)
Despair phase (child seems to withdraw and becomes apathetic)
Detachment phase (child represses pain at the sense of loss and shows disinterest on parent’s return) |
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Term
| Ways to assist parents in adapting to child's hospitalization |
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Definition
Begin with the admission process
Include parental involvement
Assess home routines, preferences, and developmental and special needs
Allow parents to tell their story
Promote trust
Give prompt attention to child’s needs
Allow parents to participate in care
Give positive reinforcement
Conduct ongoing evaluation |
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Term
| What is a 24 hour observation unit? |
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Definition
Short-stay hospitalization experience
Sudden illness, most likely recover quickly
Nurse provides acute nursing care
Quickly begins to prepare the child and family for discharge |
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Term
| What is an outpatient ambulatory surgery center? |
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Definition
Provides minimal surgical treatment
Child recovers from the procedure and is then discharged home soon after the surgery
Minimizes separation between child and family (emotionally less stressful)
Be sure to teach the family about the surgery and ways to care for the child at home |
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Term
| What is a critical care unit? (remember CCU have limited visiting hours!!) |
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Definition
The child is admitted to the critical care unit through the emergency department or operating room, or is transferred from a medical-surgical floor
After delivery, a newborn who requires intensive care is transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit
Other types of critical care units include cardiac, surgical, or psychiatric critical care units
In any of these units, the child is extremely ill and receives specialized care, medication, intravenous fluid, or respiratory or ventilator support |
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Term
| Things to remember about the emergency dept |
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Definition
Quick treatment for children who have become suddenly ill or experienced a severe injury
Open 24 hours/day and 7 days/week
Rapid screening or triage assessment
Several areas of treatment
“Fast Track”
May be admitted to the hospital |
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Term
| community healthcare settings |
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Definition
Today children are apt to receive the majority of their health care in a community setting
Community settings often provide primary care along with health screening and surveillance.
Health screening means to test or examine children for the presence of a disease, illness, chronic condition, developmental delay, or mental health issue.
Health surveillance is the continuous observation related to tracking health conditions and risk behaviors.
Community settings are on the front line of prevention and early detection
These settings may be located in neighborhood clinics, schools, shopping malls, or health care centers |
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Term
| Examples of community settings for healthcare |
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Definition
Clinics
Specialty camps
Recreational, educational, and supportive resource
Churches, synagogues, mosques |
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Term
| Duties of the school nurse |
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Definition
Helps to prevent illness
Helps children with special needs
Assists in early identification
Promotes optimal health and learning
Helps children maintain good health
practices, along with academic success
Facilitates normal development
Promotes health and safety
Intervenes with actual and potential
health problems
Provides case management services
Collaborates with other professionals
Instills self-management skills
Works with children who do not have access to primary care, are uninsured, or are homeless
Advocates for children
Encourages parents to immunize
Keeps track of immunizations |
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Term
| normal pH (ABG) for preterm, full term, and children |
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Definition
Preterm and Fullterm: 7.3-7.4
Chlidren: 7.35-7.45 |
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Term
| normal PaCO2 for Newborns, Infants, and Children |
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Definition
Newborns-30-40 mmHg
Infants-30-41 mmHg
Children-35-45 mmHg
trend--goes up as baby grows into a child |
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Term
| Normal HCO3- for children under 7 yo |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal PaO2 for newborns, infants, and children |
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Definition
Newborns: 60-90 mmHg
Infants: 80-100 mmHg
Children: 80-100 mmHg
Goes up as newborns grow into infants |
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Term
| Comparison of child and adult trachea |
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Definition
| Child's trachea is much shorter and narrower than adults. Only about 4 mm in diameter (size of a drinking straw). Child's trachea bifurcates at the 3rd throacic vertebra, while the adults does at the 6th. The angle of the child's right bronchus is also much sharper. |
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Term
| Comparison of child and adult nares |
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Definition
| Childrens' - much smaller & more easily occluded; obligate nose breathers until about 4 mo |
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Term
| Comparison of child and adult neck muscles |
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Definition
| childrens neck muscles are less functional |
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Term
| Comparison of child and adult epiglottis |
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Definition
| Age 8 and under have long & floppy epiglottis, easy to swell and lead to airway occlusion |
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Term
| Comparison of child and adult larynx/glottis position |
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Definition
| In children, they are higher, making children more prone to aspiration |
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Term
| Children under the age of ________ are abdominal breathers rather than thoracic breathers |
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Definition
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Term
| Lung tissue grows and develops until the age of ______ years old. During this time the ## of alveoli increases from ___ million to ___ million |
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Definition
12 years old
25 to 300 million alveoli |
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Term
| The ______, _______, and ________ cartilages are immature and easily collapsable with flexion of the neck in children |
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Definition
| Thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal |
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Term
| The parents of a toddler ask the nurse how to best prepare the toddler for a planned medical procedure. The peds nurse recognizes that... |
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Definition
| The use of short explanations can best help the toddler understand the planned procedure |
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Term
Key aspects in a teen's environment that help him make good decisions about the future include all except:
-thinking abstractly
-using deductive reasoning
-making longterm plans
-using logical thinking |
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Definition
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Term
| How would the nurse explain a procedure to a 4 year old? |
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Definition
| Demonstrate on a teddy bear |
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Term
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Definition
Periods within the first 3 years of life when childrens spurts in development result in pronounced disruption of the family system
Pregnancy
Newborn
1 week
3 weeks
6-8 weeks
4 mo
7 mo
9 mo
12 mo
15 mo
18 mo
2 yr
3 yr |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Difficulty with nasal breathing d/t a congenital malformation of the nose and blockage of posterior side. May be unilateral or bilateral
Nursing care
Insert oral airway
Gavage feeding- tube feeding to prevent aspiration and malnutrition
Teach parents
Feed in a semi-upright position
Will be repaired and may need further reoperation and dilatation
Maintain aspiration precautions |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Difficulty with nasal breathing d/t a congenital malformation of the nose and blockage of posterior side. May be unilateral or bilateral
Diagnosed when a firm catheter cannot be advanced 3-4 cm into nasopharynx
Nursing care
Insert oral airway
Gavage feeding- tube feeding to prevent aspiration and malnutrition
Teach parents
Feed in a semi-upright position
Will be repaired and may need further reoperation and dilatation
Maintain aspiration precautions |
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Term
| If a newborn is pink in color when crying, but bluish when quiet, he/she should be suspected of having bilateral ______ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Rapid, shallow respiration
Audible grunting
Retractions- chest bone going in
Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
most cases are self-limiting
Nursing care
Assist in the administration of surfactant
Place in an incubator
Use warm humidified oxygen
Analyze laboratory values
Monitor vital signs
Provide adequate amount of calories and fluids |
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Term
| Esophageal Atresia (failure to develop as a continuous passage)and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (polyhydraminos) |
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Definition
failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage, 90% of these also have a tracheoesophageal fistula
Signs and symptoms
Frothing and bubbling at mouth/nose
Excessive drooling/salivation
Coughing, cyanosis, and respiratory distress
Nursing care
Maintain patent airway
Prevent aspiration (no oral feedings)
After corrective surgery
Monitor vital signs
Maintain chest tubes/intubation
Provide parental nutrition, then oral feedings
Prevent infection |
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Term
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia |
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Definition
characterized by a variable degree of pulmonary hypoplasia associated with a decrease in cross-sectional area of pulmonary vasculature and dysfunction of the surfactant system
Signs & symptoms- life threatening- bowel sounds in chest
Severe respiratory distress
Nursing care
Discuss surgery, not an emergency 24h- 7 days
Stabilize (oxygen and prevent further trauma)
Assist with endotracheal intubation
Insert orogastric or nasogastric tube
Administer surfactant
ECMO (full-term infants) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Monitor pulmonary and cardiac status
Provide postoperative care |
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Term
| The nurse insures that the neonate's body temperature stays between __ and __ F. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD or chronic lung disease CLD) |
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Definition
A chronic obstructive lung disease usually caused by chronic oxygen therapy.
Signs & symptoms
Tachypnea
Wheezing, rales, retractions,
and cyanosis
Increased respiratory rate
Nursing care
Give oxygen but get off ASAP
Administer bronchodilators and corticosteroids to manage wheezing
Use pulse oximetry
Evaluate blood test/x-ray results
Administer diuretics (replace electrolytes)
Monitor and maintain fluids
Ensure proper nutrition (increase by 150 cal/day) |
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Term
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Definition
Thick mucous that blocks exocrine glands and affects several body systems caused by an abnormality on chromosome 7
Associated with FTT (failure to thrive)
Require replacement of pancreatic enzymes
Signs and symptoms
Wide range & severity varies
Multisystem
Infertility
Especially lungs and pancreas are affected
Fat in stool (steatorrhea_, alteraion in sodium and cloirde, > in sweat, hypoxia (no sports..fingers club), disrupts cilia and increases infection
Nursing care
Ensure respiratory function (aerosol therapy, chest physiotherapy, and antibiotic therapy)
Promote good nutrition (replace pancreatic enzymes)
Find resources for parents
Die in 30’s (short life)
Teach parents
Promote good nutrition
See Chapter 24 Care Plan
Lack a pancreatic enzyme
Increased DM chance
Fall and winter suck for them |
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis patients must be supplemented with ___ enzymes and ____ vitamins |
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Definition
| pancreatic enzymes and fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis diagnosis |
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Definition
Lack of pancreatic enzyme
Salty taste on skin
>conc of sweat, do “Sweat test”
>pulmonary involvement |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms-
Cold (thick, yellow-green discharge)
Postnasal drip
Headache
Irritability and fatigue
Swelling around the eyes
Nursing care
Give antibiotics
Give nasal spray/decongestant
Teach parents
wait 10-14 days before giving antibiotic |
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Term
| Nasopharyngitis – common cold |
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Definition
Viral; usually early fall and late spring; lasts about 7 days.
Sometimes caused by RSV, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus
Signs and symptoms
Dryness and stuffiness
Clear, watery nasal secretions and lacrimation
sore throat, headache, and malaise
Nursing care
Promote symptomatic care (antipyretics and rest)
Give antihistamines/decongestants
Elevate head of bed
Promote adequate fluid intake (avoid milk products)
Teach hand washing and proper disposal of tissue paper into waste receptacle
Discuss prevention strategies |
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Term
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Definition
Usually Group A strep (GABHS), can be short illness or severely toxic
Signs and symptoms
Abrupt illness
Headache, fever and abdominal pain
Tonsils and pharynx (inflamed, large, red covered with yellow exudate)
Lymph nodes enlarged and tender
Pain on swallowing
Nursing care
Give antibiotics (teach parents to give full dose for prescribed duration)
Encourage bed rest
Apply cold or warm compress to neck
Encourage warm saline gargle
Give foods and liquids that can be tolerated
Teach about proper hand washing |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of lymphoid tissue within the pharynx. Can be acute, chronic, recurrent
May be caused by GABHS
Signs and symptoms (acute)
Fever and chills
Foul breath
Dry throat, dysphagia, otaliga, headache, malaise, muscular pain, enlarged cervical nodes, and mouth breathing
Nursing care
Follow medical management (antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics)
Tonsillectomy (postoperative care)
Assess for postoperative bleeding |
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Term
| Croup / Laryngotracheobronchitis |
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Definition
Generic term for illness affecting the larynx, trachea, bronchi.
Usually in kids 3 months-5 years of age
More in boys, more in winter
Signs and symptoms
Hoarseness
Barking cough
Respiratory distress (varying degrees)
Respiratory infection
Nursing care
Maintain airway/adequate respiratory exchange
Use a cool mist vaporizer or put outside in the cold
Give nebulized racemic epinephrine
Give corticosteriods
Monitor respiratory and cardiac systems
Never assess child’s throat with tongue blade if epiglottis or bacterial tracheitis is suspected |
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Term
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Definition
Infection of middle ear. Very common in children because Eustacian tubes are short, wide, and horizontal, making drainage more difficult
Chronic if it lasts more than 3 mo
Signs and symptoms
severe ear pain
itching & drainage
erythema & edema
Nursing care
Give antibiotic ear drops
Give corticosteroids and analgesics
Teach parents to have child avoid getting ears wet
Signs and symptoms
Pain
Irritable and pulls on affected ear
Febrile (104°F [40°C])
Lymph gland enlargement
Rhinorrhea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite
Nursing care
Administer antibiotics used judiciously
Give analgesics
Teach parents about prevention strategies |
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Term
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Definition
Nonspecific condition in which there is inflammation of bronchial tubes
Signs and symptoms
Cough (dry to productive and worsens at night)
Rhinorrhea
Nursing care
Give symptomatic care (antipyretics, analgesics, humidity)
Give adequate oxygen
Administer bronchodilators
Use cool-mist vaporizer
Give fluids
Promote bed rest
Teach parents to avoid secondhand smoke
Promote adequate nutrition |
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Term
| What is the absolute method of diagnosis of pneumonia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Lower resp infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. Can be lobar, bronchopneumonia, or interstitial
Signs and symptoms
High fever
Cough
Rapid respirations
Chest pain
Retractions
Nasal flaring
Malaise
Rhonchi or fine crackles
Nursing care- mainly oxygen and antibiotics
Give symptomatic care
Administer antibiotics (bacterial)
Give oxygen with cool mist
Give chest physiotherapy
Promote postural drainage
Give bronchodilators
Encourage fluid intake
Give antitussive medication at
bedtime
Position on affected side
Monitor vital signs and breath sounds
Teach parents |
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Term
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Definition
Acute viral infection affecting the bronchioles and alveoli
Common in >2yo,
seasonal in winter, spreads from hands to eye, nose and mucous membranes
Synagis prevents, IM to high risk children
Treat symptoms, isolation |
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Term
| Pertussis – whooping cough |
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Definition
Very contagious infection caused by bacteria Bordetella pertussis, which secretes a toxin. Spread by droplets
Signs and symptoms
Stages: Catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent
Nursing care
Limit paroxysms (observe severity of cough, nutrition, rest, and recovery)
Give antibiotic therapy
Promote adequate nutrition
Discuss vaccination (DTaP)
Teach parents about hospitalization
Droplet precaution- highly contagious
Vital signs and oxygen saturation
Hydration, nutrition, and fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
Chronic bacterial infection spread through the air. Can attack lungs and many other organs
Anti-TB drugs given for a few months
Signs and symptoms
Asymptomatic early
Low-grade fever, mild cough, and flu-like symptoms
Anorexia and weight loss
Can be in ANY organ but usually lungs
Nursing care
Promote proper nutrition
Give anti-TB drugs
Give supportive care
Prevent reinfection |
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Term
|
Definition
Common infection caused by virus (Influenza Types A, B & C)
A&B are epidemics, C is not
Usually lasts 1-2 weeks
Children are 3 times more likely than adults to develop flu
Signs and symptoms
Sudden fever and chills
Flushed face
Photophobia, myalgia, hyperesthesia, and exhaustion
Nursing care
Promote rest and fluids (electrolyte solution)
Give medication for fever and pain
Give antiviral drugs
Give antibiotics only if evidence of bacterial infection
Discuss influenza vaccine for prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common infection caused by virus (Influenza Types A, B & C)
A&B are epidemics, C is not
Children are 3 times more likely than adults to develop flu
Signs and symptoms
Sudden fever and chills
Flushed face
Photophobia, myalgia, hyperesthesia, and exhaustion
Nursing care
Promote rest and fluids (electrolyte solution)
Give medication for fever and pain
Give antiviral drugs
Give antibiotics only if evidence of bacterial infection
Discuss influenza vaccine for prevention |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by taking aspirin during a viral infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Signs and symptoms
Heat (edema of the upper airway)
Chemical (airway erythema, edema, ulceration)
Systemic (headache, malaise, nausea, dizziness, andalterations in mental status)
Nursing care
Provide immediate administration of oxygen
Monitor respiration and circulation
Nutrition
Maintain normal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of nasal membranes, especially nose and eyes
Signs and symptoms
Sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, congestion, headache, earache, tearing, red eyes, eye swelling, fatigue, drowsiness, and malaise
Nursing care
Administer antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid sprays, decongestants, and leukotriene inhibitors
Identify triggers
Educate parents about allergy shots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Signs and symptoms
Wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase
Tachypnea
Retractions and nasal flaring
Chronic = cough at night, barrel chest, elevated shoulders
Nursing care
Administer drug therapy
Quick relief
Long-term control
Asthma Action Plan
Instruct about the use of apeak flow meter
Understand symptom relief
Educate parents
Status asthmaticus is persistent & intractable asthma in which the child does to respond to therapy and a medical emergency ensures
Table 24-2 for Revised Classification Scheme
Intermittent asthma- less than 2 days a week
Mild persistent- 3-6 days a week
Moderate persistent- daily
Severe persistent: several times a day |
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Term
| After discharge from a tonsillectomy, what is the most important thing for a parent to know? |
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Definition
| Bring the child to the ER if she has excessive swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What are priority nursing actions for a child with BPD? |
|
Definition
| Administer Ventolin, Monitor O2 sat, Monitor I&O |
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|
Term
| Which type of hernia is most common in infants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Preschool age children gain ___ lbs a year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group displays food "jags"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toddlers gain ____ lbs/year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a deceleration of caloric needs during what age group |
|
Definition
| toddler (toddlers only need 102 kcal/kg as opposed to infants who need 108) |
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