Term
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Definition
non-crying vowel-like sounds with brief consonant-like elements during feeding or response to smiling
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Term
Birth- 2 mo. Comm Dev - Lang |
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Definition
-suck-swallow rhythmic pattern -reflexive sounds (fuss, cry, burp, swallow) -quasi-resonant nuclei -cries (hunger, pain and temper)
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Term
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Definition
| loud crying pattern, silence, whistling inhalation and rest. |
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Term
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Definition
| one long cry followed by a long breath-holding and short whimpers |
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Term
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Definition
| exasperated sound because of the great volume of air released |
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Term
Birth - 2 mo Comm Dev - Hearing |
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Definition
-middle/inner ear are adult size -ME still fluid-filled -Auditory cortex not mature -still can't integrate sounds -can distinguish loudness and duration of sound |
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Term
Birth - 2 mo dB levels & response |
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Definition
-Preference to human voice. -0-6 wks: responds to noise 50-80 dB SPL -Warbled pure tones: 75 hB HL -Speech:40-60 hB HL Response: eye widening, eye blink, stirring or arousal from sleep, startle. |
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Term
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Definition
-oral muscle control to stop/start movement (2 mo)
-production of back consonants and middle/back vowels--incomplete resonance (2 mo)
-vocalization in response to speech (3 mo) -sustained laughter (4 mo) -imitate a few sounds, tone & pitch (5 mo) |
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Term
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Definition
| imitation of sounds, tone and pitch immediately after a vocal model |
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Term
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Definition
-Pure tone (in noise): 90 dB -Pure tone (in silence): 50-70 dB SPL -Warbled tone: 70 dB HL -Speech: 20 dB HL Response: -startled (0-4 mo) -turn head toward sound on lateral plane (3-6 mo) |
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Term
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Definition
| long strings of consonant-vowel syllable repetitions or self-imitations |
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Term
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Definition
| imitate immediate communication of others |
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Term
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Definition
| long strings of unintelligible sounds with adult-like prosodic patterns |
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Term
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Definition
-single syllable sounds (6-7 mo) -experiments with reduplicated babbling (6-7 mo)
-begins echolalia speech (7-8 mo)
-use gestures to communicate w/out vocalization (8-9 mo)
-beginnings of jargon (9 mo)
-recognize own name, speaks one+ words (12 mo) |
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Term
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Definition
-Noise: 30-40 dB SPL -Warbled pure: 45 dB HL -Speech: 15 dB HL Response: -direct localization of sounds to the side (but not above or below) |
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Term
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Definition
-Noise: 25-35 dB HL -Warbled pure: 40 dB HL -Speech: 10 dB HL Response: -Direct localization of sounds to side and below (+ indirectly above). |
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Term
12 - 24 mo Comm Dev - Lang |
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Definition
-single words/jargon for speech -dev combine words -rate of vocab growth increases -expressive vocab of 150-300 words |
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Term
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Definition
-Noise: 25-30 dB HL -Warbled tone: 30 dB HL -Speech: 5 dB HL Response: -Direct localization of sound on the side,above and below. |
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Term
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Definition
-Noise: 25 dB HL -Warbled tone: 25 dB HL -Speech: 5 dB HL Response: -Direct localization of sound on side, above and below. |
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Term
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Definition
-Noise: 25 dB HL -Warbled tone: 25 dB HL -Speech: 5 dB HL Response: Direct localization of sound on side, above and below. (by 24 mo. VRA can be used for clinical testing). |
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Term
VRA (Visual Reinforcement Audiometry) |
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Definition
| Conditioning the child to a connection between an auditory signal and a flashing lighted toy. The reinforcement is the lighted toy and social praise during the test. |
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Term
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Definition
-expressive vocab 900-1000 words -mastered vowel sounds -subject-verb-object sentences -begin to use negation -learning to use -ing and -ed -beginning to formulate lang rules |
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Term
3 yrs old Comm Dev - Hearing |
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Definition
-remains constant after 2 yrs -can be taught play-conditioning techniques for play audiometry -VRA can still be used |
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Term
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Definition
-simple stories -more complex sentences -ave vocab of 1500-1600 words -4-5word sentences -relates events in order -use of conjunctions -good usage of declative, negative, interrogative and imperative forms |
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Term
3 yrs old Comm Dev - Hearing |
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Definition
-can be clinically tested through TROCA |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory stimulus cues the child that a behavior specific response (such as pushing a button) will immediately produce a positive and tangible reinforcement (such as food or a trinket) |
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Term
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Definition
-Vocab of 2100-2200 words -Discusses feelings -Can follow 3-step command -90% grammar acquisition -language more adult-like -still has difficulty with a few consonant blends |
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Term
5 yrs old Comm Dev - Hearing |
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Definition
-can still use TROCA to test these children clinically -Play Audiometry -can do adult testing/screening |
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Term
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Definition
| condition characterized by rapid onset usually of short duration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| channel that runs between the middle ear cavity and the nasopharynx (aka auditory tube) |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical procedure that is used to seal a perforation of the tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| an incision made into the tympanic membrane generally to alleviate pressure, allow fluid to drain, or to place pressurization tubes |
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Term
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Definition
-infection or inflammation of the middle ear cavity or the tympanic membrane -characterized by presence of negative middle ear pressure or possible effusion |
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Term
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Definition
| any discharge from the external auditory canal due to infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pressure equalizing tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| sterile, waterlike fluid in the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blanket term for any surgery of the middle ear or tympanic membrane to restore hearing function |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium formations in the middle ear or on the TM because of otitis media |
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Term
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Definition
-OM without effusion -acute OM -OM with effusion -OM with perforation of the TM |
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Term
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Definition
-acute: short duration (0-21 days) -subacute: 22 days-8 weeks -chronic: more than 8 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
-serous: thin,sterile, watery fluid (no infection) -purulent: pus-like fluid -mucoid: think, mucus-like fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| OM is nearly always the result of poor Eustachian tube function (often associated with upper respiratory infections). |
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Term
| functions of Eustachian tube |
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Definition
1. protection in middle ear from invading microbes 2. clearance of middle ear secretions 3. equalization of pressure between middle ear cavity and nasopharynx |
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Term
| child vs. adult Eustachian tubs |
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Definition
-child: horizantal -adult: more vertical |
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Term
tonsils/adenoids what? where? associated with OM by? |
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Definition
-what? glandular tissue -where? in the back of the throat -association? may contribute infection to OM if adenoids/tonsils are infected |
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Term
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Definition
1. Age (before 2 yrs) 2. Gender (boys) 3. Race (Native Amer, Eskimos, White, over black). 4. Genetics (70% hereditary) 5. Socioeconomic (poor sanitation, overcrowding) 6. Seasonal (more prone in winter) peak = March 7. Eating position (supine = more OM) 8. Special Pop. (syndromes, diff facial structures) 9. Allergies & Smoke (if more susceptible to allergy) 10. Daycare (being exposed to other children) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Otalgia 2. Rubbing or tugging of ears 3. Hearing impairment 4. Otorrhea 5. Fever 6. Temperament disorders - irritability 7. Restless sleep 8. Low-grade discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
-TM may appear yellow or red (19% of time will be red) -Fever (67% will have one) -Pain (28% will have it) -Tympanometry (will not +/- pressure or if there is fluid--flat tympanogram) -Hearing evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
-Do nothing -Prescription antibiotics (augmentin/zithromax) -Myringotomy -without PE tubes -with PE tubes
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Term
Possible Treatment of OM (initial, 3 mo, 4-6 mo, recurrent) |
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Definition
-initial management: observation or perscribed antibiotics -3 mo: -hearing test loss <20 db may continue IM ->20db: antibiotics/PE tubes -4-6 mo: -PE tubes are placed -recurrent OM: PE tubes are placed (make sure lang/artic/hearing/tymp screenings happen) |
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Term
| Treatments NOT recommended for OM |
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Definition
-Steroid medications (perscribed for sudden sensorineural hearing loss) -Antihistamine/decongestant medications (may recommend for relieving symptons) -Adenoidectomy (not a treatment/cure)
-Tonsillectomy (not a treatment/cure) |
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Term
| Complications associated with OM |
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Definition
-Hearing loss -Perforated TM
-TM retraction -Cholesteatoma -Mastoiditis -Adhesive OM -Tympanosclerosis -Ossicular discontinuity -Facial paralysis -Labyrinthitis -Meningitis -Encephalitis -Brain abscess -Sinus thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| growth that can errode bone |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of the mastoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infection of inner ear/balance system |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of meninges (lining of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of pus-like fluid that can errode brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| OM effects on Speech & Lang Dev |
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Definition
-Lang Delay (receptive/expressive) -Cognition (lower IQ scores) -Auditory Processing Disorderes (may have difficulty processing sound) |
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Term
| Responsibilities of Parents |
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Definition
-Talk to children (expose them to more language) -Look at child (visual cues) -Control distance (no further than 5 ft) -Loudness (a little bit louder --not yelling) -Be a speech model (enunciate & correctly articulate) -Play and talk -Read (make associations with sounds/words/pictures) |
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Term
| 3 parts of auditory system |
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Definition
1. conductive system 2. sensory system 3. neural system |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for the transduction of airborne acoustic energy into mechanical energy anatomical structures -pinna, EAC, TM, ossicles |
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Term
| congenital malformations of the external ear/EAC |
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Definition
1. Anotia 2. Atresia 3. Stenosis 4. Microtia 5. Supernumerary hillocks |
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Term
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Definition
| complete absence of pinna |
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Term
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Definition
| complete closing off of the ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of the ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally small ear (unilateral) |
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Term
| supernumerary hillocks (ear tags) |
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Definition
| extra skin tags near pinna |
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Term
| Disorders associated with hearing loss |
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Definition
-Auditory Discharge -Perforations of the TM -Bony Growths -Inflammatory Conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Serumen (wax) 2. Clear fluid discharge 3. Otorrhea (cloudy fluid) 4. Blood (from perforation/trauma) 5. Foreign bodies (ie beans) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Multiple Growths (exostoses--grows fast, needs to be surgically removed) 2. Osteoma - single growth in EAC |
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Term
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Definition
1. Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear--pain, discomfort, itch) 2. perichondritis (wrestler's ear--inflammation of the skin covering the cartilage of the pinna) 3. Furuncle (pimple--can occur around the ear or in canal) |
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Term
| Conductive System best Assessed by: |
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Definition
-Visual inspection (otoscopy)
-Tympanometry |
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Term
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Definition
1. TM mobility 2. Middle Ear pressure (+/-) 3. Static Compliance (how well does sound travel)
4. Patency of ear tubes (still open & functioning) 5. Ear canal volume (range of normal limits) |
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Term
| Components of Static Compliance |
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Definition
-mass: ossicles -friction: muscles & ligaments supporting ossicular chain (hopefully little friction) -stiffness: footplate of stapes at oval window (needs to be able to move in and out to start current in cochlea) |
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Term
| Congenital Malformations of the Middle Ear |
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Definition
-occur with anomalies like atresia, cleft palate, microtia, etc -abnormalities -fusion -absence of ossicles |
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Term
| Disorders Associated with Hearing Loss |
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Definition
-OM -Cholesteatoma -Otosclerosis (70% hereditary;prevalent in white women) |
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Term
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Definition
| rosy glow seen through eardrum because of new bony growth in ossicular chain (sign of otosclerosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| 200 Hz, BC worse than AC (one excetpion for BC better than AC on audiogram) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Type A ( normal) 2. Type B (flat) 3. Type As (shallow peak) 4. Type C (shallow, negative pressure) 5. Type Ad (disarticulation of ossicles, flaccid ear drum) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pediatric Norms for Tymp Results |
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Definition
-Ear Canal volume (.3 - 1.5) -Static Immittance (.2 - 1.05) -Pressure (-139 - +20) |
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Term
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Definition
-may be used to assess conductive system -serves as an important cross check of findings -AR normal: 80-85 dB -AR absent with a conductive or sensorineural hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for the transduction of mechanical energy into electrical energy anatomical structures: -cochlear and VIIIth nerve |
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Term
| Congenital Malformation of the Inner Ear |
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Definition
-Almost always congenital -Aplasia -Michel aplasia -Mondini aplasia -Scheibe aplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure of any system, organ, nerve, etc to reach full development |
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Term
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Definition
complete failure of inner ear and auditory nerve development -pinna normal, malleus/incus present, usually stapes absent/abnormal -thalidomide a cause in 1950's used in pregnancy to treat morning sickness -bilateral |
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Term
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Definition
incomplete development or malformation of the inner ear -ME, EAC anomalies seen as well -unilateral or bilateral -flattening of cochlear & only a single turn -affects auditory nerve and vestibular -Rare |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of the inner ear -most common -involves the membranous portion of IE: sacule, cochlea, organ of corti, strivascularus, tectoral membrane -attacking inner ear -usually associated with syndromes (rubella) |
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Term
| Disorders Associated with Hearing Loss |
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Definition
1. Meningitis 2. TORCH Toxoplasmosis Other bacterial infections (syphilis) Rubella virus or German Measles CMV (cytomegalovirus) Herpes Simpex Virus 3. Ototoxicity 4. Genetics or Hereditary Hearing Loss
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Term
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Definition
-inflammation/infection of the meninges of the brain -1/3 of survivors will have hearing loss -Sensorineural hearing loss -Mild to profound, bilateral, symmetrical, irreversible -ABR (diagnosis) |
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Term
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Definition
-Parasitic infection (can be fatal)--most common -child infected by mother -may cause premature birth, cerebral palsy, blindness, mental retardation, hydrocephaly, microcephaly, deafness -newborns may appear normal but will show signs later on in childhood |
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Term
TORCH O = Other bacterial infections, including syphilis |
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Definition
-Syphilis = STD, mother may not be aware -Mother transfer it to unborn child -May cause CNS abnormalities--including hearing loss -Bilatereal, symmetrical, severe-profound hearing loss -Problems manifested before 2 yrs for severe cases -Most cases won't manifest until 20-30 yrs -Treatment: strong antibiotics for syphilis (hearing aid/cochlear implant not very successful) |
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Term
TORCH R = Rubella Virus or German Measles |
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Definition
-viral infection transmitted through air -transmitted through air & mother to child -90% will have problems if contract rubella in first 11 weeks -50% incidence of hearing loss -other concerns: heart disease, cataracts/glaucoma, neromoter development delays -hearing loss may be present at birth or appear later in life -IMMUNIZATIONS ARE KEY |
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Term
TORCH C = CMV or cytomegalovirus |
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Definition
-most common virus infection at birth; not infectious, not affecting carrier -Infected by: infants through mother or poast-nasally -Other concerns: mild to profound, bi/unilateral, progressive, hearing loss; problems with dev of CNS, motorfunction problems, mentally handicapped -No treatment (hope through mother's possible antibodies). |
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Term
TORCH H = Herpes Simplex Virus |
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Definition
-Types: Coldsores; Genital (STD--more common and most serious for child if mother has first outbreak during pregnancy) -Transmission to child through birth process or through breast feeding -50% mortality rate -If they live, skin lesions, infections affecting all major organs of the body (including hearing loss) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Aminoglycosides 2. Chemotherapy drugs 3. Aspirin and quinine 4. Loop Diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
-Drugs administered to children and adults to save their lives -ie Kanamycin, neomycin -Causes hearing loss: mild to profound -FACTORS: amount of drug, how long drug is administered, weight of child, combinations with other medications |
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Term
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Definition
-Cisplatin, carboplatin (permanent hearing loss) -Given specifically for brain tumors |
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Term
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Definition
-Usually temporary hearing loss -Hearing threshold full or partially reverses when medication is stopped -Permanent hearing loss very rare -Quinine treats malaria -(Sign)Tinnitus: ringing in ears |
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Term
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Definition
-Alone may cause hearing loss, but when combined with other meds may cause ototoxicity -Furosemide and ethacrynic acid -Give for types of kidney impairments -Stays in the body for longer |
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Term
| Genetics or Hereditary Hearing Loss |
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Definition
Patterns of Inheritance -Autosomal Dominant -Homozygous -50% chance of inheritance -Auosomal Recessive -Heterozygous -25% chance of being affected -50% chance of being a carrier -Sex linked X-linked -50% daughters carriers -50% sons affected -Polygenic
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Term
| Sensory System best assessed by: |
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Definition
-Audiogram (hearing threshold and speech threshold) -Otoacoustic emissions |
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Term
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Definition
-measure of out hair cell function -one of the best methods for identifying cochlear hearing loss -need to see OAE in 3 of 5 tested frequencies |
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Term
| Presence of OAEs suggest: |
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Definition
-very little nor no conductive hearing loss -reflects normal outer hair cell function -in the presence of sensorineural hearing loss indicates normal outer hair cell function |
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Term
| Absence of OAEs suggests: |
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Definition
-does not eliminate the possibility of a cochlear or retrocochlear loss
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Term
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Definition
responsible for the transmission of the electrical impulses throughout the PNS and CNS anatomical structures: -all neural structures of auditory system |
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Term
| Neural system best assessed by: |
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Definition
-temporal and processing aspects of audition -brain imaging -auditory evoked potentials -functional MRI |
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Term
| Auditory Evoked Potentials |
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Definition
1. Electrocochleography (ECog) 2. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) 3. Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR) 4. Auditory Late Response (ALR) 5. P300 |
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Term
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Definition
-Electrocochleography -LATENCY: 1.5 - 2 MSEC -Patients can sleep during procedure -Uses different amplitudes to diagnose Meniere's Disease or auditory neuropathy -If present, should have OAEs -Potentials: P - summating potential (gen by inner hair cells) AP - action potential (gen by distal portion of VIIInerve)
CM - cochlear microphonic (Wave I of ABR)- gen by outer hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
-LATENCY: 2-10 MSEC -Patients can sleep during procedure -Normal: Amplitudes increase as intensity level decreases as latency increases. -Peaks I, III, V (robust responses) -Used as screening procedure; can do specific freq ABR to estimate freq thresholds for infants/mentally handicapped -generated between 8th nerve and the medial geniculate bodies in the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
-LATENCY: 12-60 MSEC -Patients need to be awake. -Can be used to esimate thresholds like ABR (would not use for infants or challenging patients) -Generated in auditory thalamus and the primary auditory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
-LATENCY: 75-200 MSEC -Generated at auditory cortex specifically at the Sylvian fissure and the superior temporal plane of the temporal bone -Used to document high level central auditory dysfunction -Can pin down cite of lesion -Used for reading disorders -Used to diagnose and validate treatments |
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Term
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Definition
-LATENCY: 220-600 MSEC (generally 300msec) -Used to assess high level auditory processing -Generated in the hippocampus (medial temporal lobe) |
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Term
| Disorders of the Neural System of Infants & Children |
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Definition
-Auditory Processing Disorder -Auditory Neuropathy -General Hearing Loss |
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