Term
|
Definition
An analog of GHRH
Indicated for growth hormone deficiency when the somatotroph is intact (if the somatotroph is not intact, GH is indicated)
Indicated for GH deficiency diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced in the hypothalamus, also secreted by the stomach, intestines, and pancreas
inhibits release of GH and TSH (by inhibiting somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and thyrotrophs)
inhibits release of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas
inhibits release of gastrin and cholecystokinin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach
aids in gastric motility
relased by G cells in the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peptide hormone of the GI system
causes release of digestive enzymes by the pancreas
causes release of bile from the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthetic analog of somatostatin
longer half life than somatostatin
inhibits pituitary and gastric hormones: glucagon, insulin, GH
indicated for vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors
indicated for metastatic carcinoid tumors
indicated for pituitary tumors: acromegaly, thyrotropinomas |
|
|
Term
| vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor |
|
Definition
an islet cell tumor of the pancreas, lung, or ganglioneuromas
excess VIP is secreted
VIP involved in water transport of GI tract, vascular tone, neurotransmitter and modulating ion
more than 80% of these tumors are malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare, slow growing cancer that start in the lungs or lining of the GI tract
doesn't produce symptoms in the early stages
causes flushing of the face and upper chest, diarrhea, trouble breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic metabolic disorder
too much GH released
body tissues gradually enlarge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parenteral synthetic tripeptide
identical to TRH
used to access the function of pituitary and thyroid glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dysfunction in the pituitary
low basal levels of TSH
small or no change in TSH levels after TRH injection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impairment of the hypothalamus
lacking TRH
before TRH injection, patient would have low levels of TSH, after injection, the level of TSH would elevate because pituitary is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parenteral GnRH
used to treat primary hypothalamic amenorrhea
used to treat infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a purified recombinant GH by using either E. Coli or mammalian cells
used to treat growth failure due to GH deficiency
used to treat cachexia and AIDs wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle wasting due to malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a synthetic drug that mimics the actions of ADH
longer duration of action
used to reduce urine production in central diabetes insipidus patients
used to treat bed wetting in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tetracycline antibiotic
impairs protein synthesis, bacteriostatic, impairs bacteria growth
induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
used to treat patients with hyponatremia due to excessive secretion of ADH (SIADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indirectly stimulates contraction of the uterine smooth muscle
increases amplitude and frequency of uterine contraction
induce labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outermost region of the adrenal cortex
synthesizes aldosterone
regulated by ciculating levels of angiotensin II and potassium |
|
|
Term
| zona fasiculata and zona reticularis |
|
Definition
synthesize cortisol and androgens
ACTH released from anterior pituitary stimulates production of cortisol and adrenal androgens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
determines the specificity of hormone production in that zone. |
|
|
Term
| 11 beta hydroxylase and 17 alpha hydroxylase |
|
Definition
enzymes expressed in the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis
determines the specificity of hormone production in that zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroids derived from _________. |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol to pregnenolone (side chain cleavage) |
|
Definition
| rate limiting step in adrenal hormone biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endogenous glucocorticoid |
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial cytochromes |
|
Definition
| oxidase enzymes of glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and albumin |
|
Definition
| 90% of circulating cortisol is bound to these plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary sites of cortisol metabolism
through reduction and subsequent conjugation to glucuronic acid |
|
|
Term
| 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11B-HSDI) |
|
Definition
| converts cortisone (inactive) to cortisol (active) in the liver |
|
|
Term
| 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase II (11B-HSDII) |
|
Definition
| converts cortisol (active) to cortisone (inactive) in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
stimulate gluconeogenesis
mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues
stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue
inhibit glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
hyperglycemia
increase muscle protein catabolism |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoid effect on metabolism |
|
|
Term
reduced activity of immune cells
decreased production of proinflammatory mediators |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoid effect on inflammation and immune function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenal insufficiency
selective destruction of adrenal cortex by autoimmune reaction
decreased synthesis of all classes of adrenocortical hormones
symptoms: fatigue, muscle weakness, low BP, depression, hypoglycemia
treatment: cortisol, aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucocorticoid excess
causes: ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma, ectopic secretion of ACTH from lung carcinoma, cortisol secreting tumor of adrenal cortex, most common is pharmacological treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids
clinical features: buffalo hump, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, increased susceptibility to infection, increased abdominal fat, easy bruising, moon face... |
|
|
Term
replacement therapy in case of adrenal insufficiency
to suppress inflammation and immune response (asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, organ rejection) |
|
Definition
| indications for cortisol and glucocorticoid analogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates testosterone and estrogen
ovulation |
|
|
Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles
critical for sperm production |
|
|
Term
| blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, body temperature and sleep/wake cycle |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus affects and regulates... |
|
|
Term
| melanocyte stimulating hormone, lipotropin, and beta endorphin |
|
Definition
| results of the POMC cleavage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to improve implantation and pregnancy (suppresses LH surge in order to suppress ovulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate ovulation for in vitro fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to treat amenorrhea, infertility, endometriosis, uterine fibroid |
|
|
Term
a 1-2 double bond
a methyl group at carbon 6
a methyl group at carbon 16 |
|
Definition
| increases glucocorticoid activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity |
|
|
Term
| a 9-fluorination is combined with a 16-methylation |
|
Definition
| demolishes mineralocorticoid activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits side chain cleavage enzyme; blocks the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
reduces the synthesis of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and androgens
increase in ACTH release; use glucocorticoid to block this effect
may be used for Cushing's syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits cortisol synthesis
inhibits 11 beta hydroxylase
results in elevated levels of ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol (precursor for cortisol) in patients with intact HPA axis
used in diagnosing adrenal insufficiency
used to verify the cause of Cushing's (pituitary or ectopic secretion of ACTH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulate Na reabsorption in sweat and salivary glands, the colon, and kidneys
through nuclear receptors, increase Na/K ATPase activity and its expression in the basolateral membrane of distal nephron cells
increase apical Na channel expression
sodium retention, potassium excretion, and H+ excretion result |
|
|
Term
| aldosterone hyperfunction |
|
Definition
leads to extracellular volume expansion, suppression of plasma renin activity, potassium wasting and hypokalemia, hypertension
negative feedback loop to the cells that make renin, lowering renin concentrations in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineralocorticoid receptor agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
inhibits the effects of aldosterone on the distal renal tubules
a potassium sparing diuretic (only in the presence of aldosterone)
modest hypotensive effects
used to treat hypokalemia
used as a diagnostic aid for primary hyperaldosteronism (monitor K levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
converted to testosterone in the periphery
important source of testosterone in females
necessary for the development of female axillary and pubic hair at the time of puberty |
|
|
Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
deficiency in steroid 21 hydroxylase (inability to synthesize aldosterone and cortisol)
decrease cortisol -> increased ACTH
unblocked androgen pathway is used
increased DHEA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the majority of thyroid tissue
synthesize and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| parafollicular cells (C cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actions of thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
critical for growth in infancy
regulate general body metabolism and energy expenditure in adults
important for the response in cold environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) |
|
Definition
stimulatory autoantibody activates TSH receptor in thyroid resulting in proliferation of thyroid gland, increased TH levels, and suppression of TRH and TSH
goiter - enlarged thyroid gland
exophthalmos - bulging of the eyes
orange peel skin - non-pitting edema with thickening of skin
high metabolic rate, increased skin temp and sweating, nervousness, tremor, tachycardia, fatigue, increased appetite with weight loss |
|
|
Term
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism) |
|
Definition
destructive autoantibody attacks thyroid gland resulting in decreased TH levels and increased TRH and TSH due to lack of negative feedback
low metabolic rate, slow speech, lethargy, bradycardia, mental impairment, thickening of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to dietary insufficiency of iodine
causes rise in plasma TRH and TSH
causes increase in the size of the thyroid gland
thyroid hormones are within normal range
synthesize and release more T3 over T4 |
|
|
Term
methimazole
propylthioruacil |
|
Definition
hyperthyroidism drugs
decrease output of TH
inhibit iodination
inhibit peroxidase activity
inhibit biosynthesis of TH
takes 2-4 months to reach initial euthyroid status
often results in goiter formation |
|
|
