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| Classical Physics and Commuting |
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Definition
There is no limit to the amount of info (observables) that can be known about a system at a given instant A system under consideration can be described completely. |
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| Quantum Mechanics and Commuting |
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Definition
| two observables can be known simultaneously on ly if the outcome of measurements is independent of the othe order in whcih they are conducted. |
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| Limits the degree to which obsevables of noncommuting operators ca be knownn simultaneously. |
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| Similarity of Classical and Quantum - with Free Particle in 1D Box |
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Definition
Chapter 15 The quantum mechanical solution of the problem contains the same info as the classical particle problem, namely, motion iwth a constant velocity. Another similarity is that both can take on all values of energy, becasue k is a continuous variable.. The quantum mechanical free particle has a continuous energy spectrum. |
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- The values of two different observalbe (a) and (b), which correspond to the operators (A) and (B), can be simultaneously determined only if the measruement porcess used does not change the state of the system.
- Otherwise , the sytme on which the two measurements is carried out is not the same.
- If two operators have a common set of eigenfunctions, - we say they commute.
- commutator - the operators in brackets.
- if the value of commutator is not zero for an arbitrary function f(x), then the corresponding obeservables cannot be determined simultaneously and exactly.
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| Act of Changing a measurement in Quantum mechanics |
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Definition
- Communting / communtators describe why you can achieve different results based on the experiment in Quantum Mechanics.
- The act of the measurement changes the state of the systme unless the system wave function is an eigenfunction of the two diferent operators. - Therefore, this is a condition for being able to simultaneously know the observables corresponding to these operators.
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty principle |
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Definition
| This principle quantifies the uncertainty in the position and memtum of a quantum mechanical particle that arises from the fact that [(x),(p)] Does not equal 0. |
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| - a plane wave cannot be normalized over an infinite interval, but it can be normalized over the finite interval (-L<=x<=L). |
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| For operators to commute - the eigenfunction of two different operators must be the same function. |
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| a characteristic or property of some thing or action which is essential and specific to that thing or action, and which is wholly independent of any other object, action or consequence. |
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SPIN Electrons have this propertry - not a magnetic moment produced by orbiting electrons around nucleus. This is the basis for the deflection in the Stern-Garlach experiment |
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| designed to distinguish b/w quantum mechanical model of atom propsed by Bohr and the classical planetary models. |
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| Classical and Quantum Mechanics - Particle in a Box |
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Definition
Chapter 15 Unlike in Classical Mechanics, where the energy spectrum is continuous and the particle is equally likely to be found anywhere in the box, the quantum mechanical particle in the box has a discrete energy spectruma dn has preferred postiions that depend on the quantum mechanical state |
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| Free Particle Probability |
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Definition
P(x)dx = dx/2L [-L<=x<=L], for a plane wave NOTE: that the P(x)dx is independent of x. This result states that the particle is equally likely to be anywhere in the interval, which is equivalent to saying tha tnothing is known about the position of the particle. |
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| Energy of Particle in a Box: limited by Boundary Condition [Psi(0)=Psi(a)=0] |
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Definition
The energy for the free particle without BC is continuous. The energy for the particle in the box can only take on discrete values, and we say that the enrgy of the particle in the box is quantized adn the integer (n) is a quantum number. |
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The lowest allowed energy is greater than zero. The particle has a nonzero minimum energy - ZPE. |
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| Comparison of Free Particle with/without Boundaries |
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Definition
A comparison of these two problems reeals that quantization entered through the onfinement of the particle. Because the particle is confined to the box, the amplitude of all laloowed wave functions must be zero everywhere outside the box. NOTE: if a approaches infinity, the oncinement condition is removed and the energy = 0 and is continuous as i the nonbounded condition. En increases in jumps rather than in a continuous fashion as in classical mechanics. - this helps imagine ZPE. |
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| Wave Function and Eigenfunction |
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Definition
Wave Function completely describes every system in quantum mechanics it is any mathematically well-behaved function that satisfies the boundary conditions and that can be normalized to allow a meaning ful definiton of probability. Eigenfunction must satisfy the above as well as one more criterion. A wave function is an eigen function of an operator A' only it it satisfies the relationship A'psi(x) = (a)psi(x) |
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| Two Major Differences between teh finite and the infinite depth box |
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Definition
1. the potential has only a finite njumber of bound states, which are the allowed energies. The number of bound energies depends on m, a and Vnot. 2. The amplitude of the wave function does not go to zero at the edge of the box in the finite depth box. |
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The wavefunction decays exponentially once it passes through the edged wall. The wave function falls off most rapidly with distance for the most strongly bound state (Vo>>E) in the the potential - and - falls off most slowly for th eleast strongly bound state in the potential (Vo~E). - Strongly bound state (1,2 small) correspond to core electrons
- Weakly boound levels (4,5 large) corresond to valence electrons
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| Pi Electrons in Conjugated Molecules - Treated like particle in box |
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Definition
If the electrons are delocalized as in an organic molecule with a pi-bonded network, the maximum in the absoprtion spectrum shifts from the UV intot he visible range. The greater the delocalization, - longer a - greater wavelength - lowered Energy, which produced more absorption towards the red end of the spectrum -- it is a "red shift". - This is based on the lowered energy ROYGBIV |
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