Term
|
Definition
Tolerance
- Person’s physiological reaction to drug decreases with repeated administration of same dose
Withdrawal
- Psychological changes occur when blood and tissue concentrations of drug decrease after heavy prolonged use of substance |
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Term
| Synergistic and Antagonistic |
|
Definition
Synergistic effect – when drugs are taken together, effect of either or both is intensified or prolonged
Antagonistic effects – when drugs are taken together, effect of one is inhibited or weakened |
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Term
|
Definition
Psychiatric comorbidity – 6 out of 10 people affected by substance-abuse disorder also affected by mental health disorder
Medical comorbidity – alcohol-related medical problems are the comorbidities most commonly seen in medical settings |
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Term
|
Definition
Biological factors
- Specific effects on neurotransmitter systems
- Psychological factors
- Lack of tolerance for frustration and pain
- Lack of success in life
- Lack of affectionate and meaningful relationships
- Low self-esteem, lack of self-regard
- Risk-taking propensity
Sociocultural factors
- Social and cultural norms
- Socioeconomic stress |
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Term
|
Definition
Two questions of importance
- In the last year, have you ever drank or used drugs more than you meant to?
- Have you felt you wanted or needed to cut down on your drinking or drug use in the last year?
Details include
- Drugs used
-> Route
-> Quantity
-> Time of last use
-> Usual pattern of use |
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Term
| Signs of Intoxication and Withdrawal |
|
Definition
Alcohol poisoning
- Large amounts of alcohol consumed quickly or over time
Alcohol withdrawal
- Signs develop within a few hours after cessation
- Peaks at 24 to 48 hours
Alcohol withdrawal delirium
- Medical emergency
- Can result in death, even if treated |
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Term
| Central Nervous System Stimulants |
|
Definition
Common signs of stimulant abuse
- Dilation of the pupils
- Dryness of the oronasal cavity
- Excessive motor activity
Cocaine and crack
Caffeine and nicotine |
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Term
|
Definition
Extracted from leaf of coca bush
When smoked, takes effect in 4 to 6 seconds; a 5- to 7-minute high follows, then a deep depression
Two main effects on body
- Anesthetic
- Stimulant
Produces imbalance in neurotransmitters
Withdrawal symptoms include
- Depression, paranoia, lethargy, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, sweating, chills |
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Term
|
Definition
Morphine
Heroin
Codeine
Fentanyl
Methadone
Meperidine |
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Term
| Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) |
|
Definition
Indian hemp plant
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is active ingredient
Depressant and hallucinogenic properties
Usually smoked
Desired effects – euphoria, detachment, relaxation
Long-term effects – lethargy, anhedonia, difficulty concentrating, loss of memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD or acid)
Mescaline (peyote)
Psilocybin (magic mushroom)
Phencyclidine piperidine (PCP, angel dust, horse tranquilizer, peace pill) |
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Term
|
Definition
Volatile solvents
- Spray paint
- Glue
- Cigarette lighter fluid
- Propellant gases used in aerosols |
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Term
|
Definition
Common drugs
Ecstasy - also called MDMA, Adam, yaba, XTC
MDA – “love”
MDE – “Eve”
Produce subjective effects resembling stimulants and hallucinogens |
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Term
|
Definition
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol or “roofies”)
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)
Rapidly produce
- Disinhibition
- Relaxation of voluntary muscles
- Anterograde amnesia |
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Term
| Assessment Guidelines for the Chemically Impaired |
|
Definition
Assess for withdrawal syndrome
Assess for overdose that warrants medical attention
Assess for suicidal thoughts or other self-destructive behaviors
Evaluate for physical complications related to drug abuse
Explore interests in doing something about drug or alcohol problem
Assess patient and family for knowledge of community resources |
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Term
| Potential Nursing Diagnoses |
|
Definition
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Disturbed thought processes
Disturbed sleep patterns
Ineffective health maintenance
Hopelessness
Risk for suicide
Risk for other-directed violence
Ineffective airway clearance
Ineffective breathing pattern |
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Term
|
Definition
Withdrawal
- Fluid balance
- Neurological status: consciousness
- Distorted thought self-control
Initial and active drug treatment
- Risk control – alcohol use
- Risk control – drug use
- Substance addiction consequences
Health maintenance
- Knowledge: substance abuse control
- Family coping |
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Term
|
Definition
Aim of treatment – self-responsibility
Challenge – matching patients with types of treatment related to various needs
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Sociocultural processes |
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Term
| Health Teaching and Health Promotion |
|
Definition
Primary prevention – health teaching
FRAMES
- Feedback of personal risk
- Responsibility of the patient
- Advice to change
- Menu of ways to reduce substance use
- Empathetic counseling
- Self-efficacy or optimism of the patient |
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Term
|
Definition
Relapse prevention
Self-help groups for patient and family
12-Step programs
Residential programs
Intensive outpatient programs
Outpatient drug-free programs and employee assistance programs |
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Term
| Pharmacological Interventions Treatment of Alcoholism |
|
Definition
Naltrexone (ReVia)
- Reduces or eliminates alcohol craving
Acamprosate (Campral)
- Helps client abstain from alcohol
Topiramate (Topamax)
- Works to decrease alcohol cravings
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
- Alcohol-disulfiram reaction causes unpleasant physical effects |
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Term
| Pharmacological Interventions Treatment of Opioid Addiction |
|
Definition
Methadone (Dolophine)
- Synthetic opiate blocks craving for and effects of heroin
LAAM (l-α-acetylmethadol)
- An alternative to methadone
Naltrexone (ReVia)
- Antagonist that blocks euphoric effects of opioids
Clonidine (Catapres)
- Effective somatic treatment when combined with naltrexone
Buprenorphine (Subutex)
- Blocks signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal |
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Term
|
Definition
Increased time in abstinence
Decreased denial
Acceptable occupational functioning
Improved family relationships
Ability to relate comfortably to other individuals |
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