Term
| While still in the ovary, the oocyte is in which stage? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The oocyte that is ovulated is in which stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fimbriated tentacles of the fallopian tubes are lined with ciliated epithelium, and the cilia are activated by... |
|
Definition
| estrogen from the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| The transport of sperm to the ampullae is aided by... |
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Definition
| contractions of the uterus and fallopian tubes stimulated by prostaglandins in the male seminal fluid and also by oxytocin released from the post. pituitary of the female during orgasm |
|
|
Term
| how many sperm reach the ampulla? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a sperm enters the ovum, the oocyte divides into... |
|
Definition
| mature oocyte and second polar body that is expelled |
|
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Term
| After fertilization, how many days are normally required for transport of the fertilized ovum through the remainder of the tube into the uterus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What relieves the spastic contraction of the isthmus of the fallopian tube, preventing the fertilized ovum from entering until several stages of divisions occurred? |
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Definition
| prostaglandin from the corpus luteum activates receptors on the fallopian tube smooth muscle cells to relax them |
|
|
Term
| How long is the blastocyst in the uterine cavity before implantation? Implantation normally occurs how many days after ovulation? |
|
Definition
| 1-3, 5th to 7th day after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| before implantation, where does the blastocyst obtain nutrition? |
|
Definition
| uterine endometrial secretions, called uterine milk |
|
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Term
| During the first week after implantation, what is the only means by which the embryo can obtain nutrients? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The placenta begins to provide some nutrition after about day ____ after fertilization |
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Definition
|
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Term
| By the __th day after fertilization, blood also begins to be pumped by the heart of the embryo itself |
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Definition
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Term
| The villi, containing _____ blood, are surrounded by sinuses containing ______ blood. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| mom's blood flows from ________ arteries into large maternal sinuses that surround the _____, then back into the ________ veins of the mom |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the thickness and permeability of the placenta like in the early months of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| It is thick, not fully developed, its permeability is low |
|
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Term
| Near the end of pregnancy, what is the mean pressure gradient for diffusion of O2 through the placental membrane? fetal blood leaving the placenta has a PO2 of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The curve for fetal hemoglobin is shifted to the _____ compared to maternal hemoglobin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin concentration of fetal blood is about __% greater than that of the mother |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the ____ effect, Hg can carry more O2 at a low PO2 than at a high PO2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The PCO2 of the fetal blood is how much higher than maternal blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the late stages of pregnancy, the fetus often uses as much glucose as... |
|
Definition
| the entire body of the mother uses |
|
|
Term
| To provide large amounts of ______, the trophoblast cells lining the placental villi provide for ________ diffusion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides glucose and gases, what other substances diffuse in the placenta? |
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Definition
| fatty acids, ketone bodies, K, Na, Cl ions |
|
|
Term
| What waste products are excreted through the placenta? |
|
Definition
| nonprotein nitrogenous: urea, uric acid, creatine |
|
|
Term
| ______, a waste product that does not diffuse easily, has a fetal concentration considerably higher than maternal blood concentration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The placenta forms especially large quantities of which hormones? |
|
Definition
| hCG, estrogens, progesterone, hCS |
|
|
Term
| Menstruation in the pregnant woman is prevented by... |
|
Definition
| hCG from the syncytial trophoblast cells of the placenta |
|
|
Term
| hCG can be measured in the blood how soon after ovulation? |
|
Definition
| 8 to 9 days, shortly after implantation |
|
|
Term
| hCG secretion peaks at... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hCG has much of the same molecular structure and function as ____. Its most important function is to prevent what? |
|
Definition
| LH, involution of the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What causes the corpus luteum to secrete even larger quantities of estrogens and progesterone for several months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which point can the placenta maintain pregnancy if the corpus luteum is removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum involutes slowly after which week of gestation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which hormone exerts an interstitial cell-stimulating effect on the fetal testes, causing production of testosterone? What does this do? |
|
Definition
| hCG, fetus grows male sex organs and causes testes to descend |
|
|
Term
| How are estrogens formed in the placenta? Where are precursors formed? |
|
Definition
| From androgenic steroid compounds: DHEA and 16-hydroxy-DHEA, in the adrenal glands of mom and baby |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, extreme quantities of estrogens cause what 3 proliferative effects on organs? |
|
Definition
| 1) uterus enlargement 2) breast and ductal structure growth 3) enlargement of mother's external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Estrogens relax which structures during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| pelvic ligaments and symphysis pubis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main effects of progesterone that are essential for normal progression of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| 1) causes decidual cells to develop, 2) decreases uterine contractility, 3) increases nutritive secretions of fallopian tubes and uterus in early pregnancy 4) help estrogen prepare the breasts for lactation |
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|
Term
| Which placental hormone appears to be a general metabolic hormone that enables larger quantities of glucose and fatty acids to be available? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic somatomammotropin |
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary gland enlarges at least __% during pregnancy, and increases production of which 3 hormones? Decreases secretion of what? Why? |
|
Definition
| 50%, ^ corticotropin, thyrotropin and prolactin. estrogens and progesterone have inhibiting effect on secretion of FSH and LH |
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|
Term
| The rate of adenocortical secretion of the ________s is moderately ________ throughout pregnancy. |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids, increased |
|
|
Term
| Pregnant women usually have a twofold increase in the secretion of ________, leading resorption of excess sodium from renal tubules and occasionally leading to.... |
|
Definition
| aldosterone, pregnancy-induced HTN |
|
|
Term
| The thyroid gland normally increases up to __% during pregnancy and increases its production of ________. Caused by effect of _____ and small quantities of ______, both from the _______. |
|
Definition
| 50%, thyroxine, hCG, human chorionic thyrotropin, placenta |
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Term
| Especially if the mother is on a Ca-deficient diet, the _________ glands will enlarge during pregnancy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| It is claimed that _____ softens the cervix before delivery. This is secreted by which tissues? |
|
Definition
| relaxin, corpus luteum and placenta |
|
|
Term
| The average weight gain during pregnancy is ___ lbs. __ lbs is fetus, ___ is amniotic fluid and membranes, ___ is increased uterus weight, ___ is increased breast weight, ____ is extracellular fluid and ____ is fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a consequence of increased secretion of many hormones, including ________, _______ hormones and the ______ hormones, the BMR of a pregnant woman increases about ___% during the later half of pregnancy |
|
Definition
| thyroxine, adrenocortical, sex, 15 |
|
|
Term
| If diet is not adequate, a number of maternal deficiencies can occur, especially of... |
|
Definition
| Ca, phosphates, iron and vitamins |
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Term
| The mother's cardiac output is increased ___ to __% above normal by the 27th week of pregnancy, then falls to a little above normal during the last __ weeks. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The maternal blood volume shortly before term is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the time of the birth of the baby, how much extra blood does mom have? How much will she lose during delivery? |
|
Definition
| 1-2L, only about 1/4 of it |
|
|
Term
| _______ increases the respiratory center's sensitivity to CO2 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The total amount of O2 used by mom shortly before birth of the baby is about ___% above normal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the function of the urinary system change during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| rate of urine formation slightly increases, renal tubules reabsorptive capacity for Na, Cl and H2O is increased, GFR is increased |
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|
Term
| Normally the amount of amniotic fluid is how much? How often is the water replaced? |
|
Definition
| between .5 and 1L, every 3 hrs |
|
|
Term
| The electrolytes Na and K are replaced in the amniotic fluid an average of once every ___ hrs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large portion of the amniotic fluid is derived from... |
|
Definition
| renal excretion by the fetus |
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Term
| A rapid rise in BP and leakage of large amounts of protein in the urine, which is experienced by about 5% of all pregnant women, is called... |
|
Definition
| preeclampsia or toxemia of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes excess fluid retention by mother's kidneys, weight gain, development of HTN, arterial spasm in different parts of the body, and a decrease in renal blood flow and GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is evidence that preeclampsia is caused by insufficient... |
|
Definition
| blood supply to the placenta |
|
|
Term
| Some experimental studies regarding preeclampsia suggest a role for... |
|
Definition
| inflammatory CKs like TNF-a and IL-6 |
|
|
Term
| What is characterized by vascular spasm throughout the body, clonic seizures in the mother, sometimes followed by coma, greatly decreased kidney output, malfunction of the liver, often extreme HTN and generalized toxic condition of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type categories of progressive changes lead to labor contractions and parturition? |
|
Definition
| progressive hormonal and mechanical changes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the importance of the ratio of estrogens to progesterone in regard to parturition. |
|
Definition
| estrogens promote uterine contractility by increasing the number of gap junctions between uterine smooth muscle cells, estrogen to progesterone ratio increases toward the end of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Why do people think oxytocin has a role in promoting labor? |
|
Definition
| 1)near term, the uterine muscle increases oxytocin receptors 2) rate of oxytocin secretion increases at the time of labor 3) animals with posterior pituitaries removed have prolonged labor 4) animal experiments indicate that cervical stretching leads to increased secretion |
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|
Term
| The fetus' pituitary gland, adrenal glands and the fetal membranes secrete which substances that promote labor? |
|
Definition
| oxytocin, cortisol, prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| What mechanical forces are believed to promote labor? |
|
Definition
| intermittent stretch of the uterine smooth muscle, stretching or irritation of the cervix |
|
|
Term
| Which types of contractions occur during most months of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Braxton Hicks contractions |
|
|
Term
| Which theory suggests that stretching of the cervix by the fetus' head becomes great enough to elicit a strong reflex increase in contractility of the uterine body? |
|
Definition
| the positive feedback theory |
|
|
Term
| Since it obeys the laws of ______ ______, once the strength of a uterine contraction becomes greater than a critical value, what happens? |
|
Definition
| positive feedback, each contraction leads to subsequent contractions that become stronger and stronger until max effect is acheived |
|
|
Term
| Cervical stretching has what impact on hormonal secretion? |
|
Definition
| Causes the pituitary to secrete oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| When could the positive feedback mechanism of labor go into retrograde decline (false labor)? |
|
Definition
| If contractions fail to to re-excite the uterus sufficiently |
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|
Term
| During labor, pain signals from the uterus and birth canal elicit what sort of neurogenic reflexes? |
|
Definition
| Causes intense contraction of abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Labor contractions of the uterus begin mainly at the ____ of the uterus and spread _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The combined contractions of the uterine and abdominal muscles during delivery can exert a downward force of about... |
|
Definition
| 25 pounds during each strong contraction |
|
|
Term
| If labor contractions were continuous, what would happen? |
|
Definition
| It would impede blood flow to the placenta and probably cause fetal death |
|
|
Term
| The head of the baby is first to be expelled in what proportion of births? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of labor? How long does it last in the first pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Progressive cervical dilation, 8 to 24 hoursHow |
|
|
Term
| How long does the second stage of labor last? |
|
Definition
| 30 min or more in the first pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| After delivery, how does the placenta separate from the implantation site? |
|
Definition
| uterus contracts, causing shearing effect, separating the placenta |
|
|
Term
| How does contraction of uterine smooth muscle help limit bleeding after delivery? What else is believed to cause blood vessel spasm? |
|
Definition
| Muscle fibers are arranged in figure eight patterns around the blood vessels, contraction of the uterus constricts them, prostaglandins formed at the placental separation site |
|
|
Term
| What is the cramping pain in early labor caused by? What nerves transmit the pain? |
|
Definition
| hypoxia of the uterine muscle from blood vessel compression during contractions, visceral sensory hypogastric nerves |
|
|
Term
| During birth, somatic nerves transmit pain from... |
|
Definition
| cervical stretching, perineal stretching, stretching and tearing of structures in the birth canal |
|
|
Term
| How does lactation affect involution of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| suppression of pituitary gonadotropin and ovarian hormone secretion during the first few months of lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vaginal discharge from the placental site on the endometrial surface autolyzing |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, what effect do the large amounts of estrogen have on breasts? |
|
Definition
| Cause the ductal system to grow and branch, stroma increases in quantity and fat is deposited |
|
|
Term
| Aside from estrogen, which 4 types of hormones are important for the growth of the breast ductal system? |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, prolactin, adrenal glucocorticoids, insulin |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone acts synergistically with estrogen in the final development of breasts into milk secreting organs, causing additional growth of lobules, budding of alveoli, and development of secretory characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do estrogen and progesterone have on the secretion of milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colostrum has the same concentrations of what substances as milk? It has almost no ___. |
|
Definition
| proteins and lactose, fat |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of milk requires which 4 hormones, besides prolactin? |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, cortisol, parathyroid hormone, insulin |
|
|
Term
| Each time the mother nurses her baby, nervous signals cause... |
|
Definition
| 10-20 fold surge in prolactin secretion for approx 1 hr, due to signal to the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| If nursing does not continue, the breasts lose their ability to produce milk within... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does the hypothalamus have on prolactin secretion? How? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits secretion, via prolactin inhibitory hormone/dopamine (which affects the anterior pituitary) |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian cycle does not resume during nursing due to... |
|
Definition
| either nervous system signals during suckling or the effect of increased prolactin inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of milk ejection or let-down |
|
Definition
| Sensory impulses from suckling --> somatic nerves --> spinal cord --> hypothalamus --> promote oxytocin secretion and cause prolactin secretion --> oxytocin causes myoepithelial cells in alveoli to contract -- happens within 30 sec to 1 min of suckling |
|
|
Term
| What factors in the mothers body can inhibit oxytocin secretion and consequently depress milk ejection? |
|
Definition
| psychogenic factors or generalized sympathetic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Compared to cows milk, human milk has how much lactose, protein and ash? |
|
Definition
| 50% greater lactose, 2-3x less protein, 1/3 as much ash |
|
|
Term
| What protective factors are secreted in breast milk? |
|
Definition
| antibodies, neutrophils, macrophages (especially important are those that destroy E coli bacteria) |
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