Term
| What are the major effects of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? |
|
Definition
Maintains:
blood pressure
salt and water balance |
|
|
Term
| T/F Angiotensin is a pro-inflammatory mediator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F There are both systemic and local renin angiotensin systems |
|
Definition
True.
They are finding them within cells and tissues. |
|
|
Term
| RAAS is involved in longterm and short term regulation of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting factor in the activity of the systemic renin angiotensin system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wht is the precursor protein of the RAS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of the systemically derived angiotensinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Angiotensinogen is a peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are the source of the systemically derived angiotensinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Only the liver makes angiotensinogen. |
|
Definition
False
Also made by CNS, heart, vasculature, kidney, and adipocyte (fat) cells |
|
|
Term
Angiotensinogen made in ______________ are processed and ___________________ secreted.
(Answer to 2nd blank is either constitutive or induced) |
|
Definition
| Hepatocytes; constitutive |
|
|
Term
| T/F Pre-pro-angiotensinigen is not stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The liver makes glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If your blood glucose levels are low, what hormone can help raise your glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glucagon produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major nutrient utilized by neural tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal plasma glucose (for non-diabetics)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal plasma glucose concentration 1-2 hours after eating (postprandial)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is 60% of the basal glucose utilized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to insulin between meals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ gets 2/3 of the absorbed glucose? |
|
Definition
| Liver (stores excess fuel) |
|
|
Term
| What other organs besides the liver control glucose? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, gut, muscle, adrenal glands, SNS (sympathetic nervous system) |
|
|
Term
| How does GLUCOSE enter the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| Gut, IV, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Glycogenolysis (breaks down old glucose) makes up ____% of glucose that is stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis (making of new glucose) makes up ____% of glucose that is stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogenolysis is the break down of _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues make and store glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues can undergo glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do the glycogen stores last if you are active and iursnactive? |
|
Definition
Active: 3 hours
Inactive: 8-15 ho |
|
|
Term
| T/F glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate |
|
Definition
False
Glycogen---> gluclose-1-phosphate---> glucose-6-phosphate ---> glucose |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme removed a phosphate and allows free glucose in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Gluconeogenesis is when glycogen is broken down to make glucose |
|
Definition
False,
It's when new glucose is produced from fasting |
|
|
Term
| T/F Gluconeogenesis is when glycogen is broken down to make glucose |
|
Definition
False,
It's when new glucose is produced from substrates during fasting |
|
|
Term
| Which substrates are utilized in gluconeogenesis (fasting state)? |
|
Definition
lactate (muscle)
pyruvate
amino acids (mainly alanine)
glycerol (fat cells) |
|
|
Term
| Which substrates are utilized in gluconeogenesis (in fasting state) and how much of them are utilized? |
|
Definition
lactate: 52% of GNG and 13% glucose
amino acids: 4% GNG and 1% glucose
glycerol: 16% GNG and 4% glucose
pyruvate: 4% GNG and 1% glucose |
|
|
Term
| What hormone lowers blood glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Counter-regulatory hormones elevate blood glucose, what are they? |
|
Definition
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
epinephrine
glucagon
growth hormone (GH) |
|
|
Term
| How does insulin lower blood glucose? |
|
Definition
| By putting it into the cells |
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
True
3/21/11 Katovich 15:17 |
|
|
Term
| T/F Pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of tissue that make up the pancreas? |
|
Definition
1. Acinar (exocrine)
2. Islets of Langerhans (endocrine) |
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic cells make up most of the pancreatic weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different types of Islets of Langerhans are there and what are they? |
|
Definition
| 3: alpha, beta, delta islet cells |
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic cells are involved in digestion of food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the alpha cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the beta cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the delta cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the F-cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the D-cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
sertonin
Note: Delta cells in pancreas make somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| What do the D-cells in the IOL make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Stimulation of the pancreas is both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is involved in converting glucose to glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glucose converted into glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Catecholamines (NE and EPI) |
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic nervous system innervates what cells in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| The Alpha, Beta, and possible the Delta cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are the receptors found for this ANS stimulation? (Where are the receptors that will tell the brain how much glucose is around in the body) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of communication is done through junctional gaps (between alpha, beta, and delta cells)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest record of diabetes mentioned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who received a Nobel prize in Med in 1923? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is a post-translational product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In golgi apparatus of Beta cells in pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What two types of chains make up insulin? |
|
Definition
| alpha chain and beta chain |
|
|
Term
| What is cleaved from pro-insulin to make it into insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha and beta chains in insulin are connected by _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much insulin is stored in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can decrease the amount of insulin that is stored in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| increased age and fasting |
|
|
Term
| What can increase the amount of insulin that is stored in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Peptides (such as insulin) are rapidly metabolized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much insulin is secreted daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transporter brings glucose into the pancreatic cells? |
|
Definition
Glut 2
Glucose comes in and the pancreas decides how much insulin to release |
|
|
Term
| Once glucose goes inside the pancreas what keeps it from getting out? Be specific. |
|
Definition
| Phosphorylation via glucokinase enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The levels of _______ and ______ are altered when glucose is phosphorylated inside the pancreas |
|
Definition
| Levels of ATP and cAMP increase |
|
|
Term
| What happens when ATP levels in the pancreas increase? |
|
Definition
| The Potassium channels are blocked which changes depolarization of membrane |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the potassium channels are blocked in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| The depolarization of membrane is changed and allows Ca++ to get in. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when Ca++ enters the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| vacuoles migrate to periphery of pancreas and release insulin |
|
|
Term
| Glucose stimulates the release AND synthesis of ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do sulfonylurea drugs do? |
|
Definition
| Increase the secretion of insulin |
|
|
Term
| What does inhibiting the K+ channel in the pancreas do? |
|
Definition
| Increases the amount of insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin is only release due to glucose |
|
Definition
| False, It can be released due to Glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, fat, glucagon (hormone), GI hormones, |
|
|
Term
| Vagus stimulation of the pancreas allows for the release of what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters inhibit the release of insulin? And how does this happen? |
|
Definition
NE
Epi (alpha 2 receptors)
By lowering cAMP levels |
|
|
Term
| What are different ways to inhibit release of insulin? |
|
Definition
1. catecholamines (NE and Epi)
2. decrease in blood glucose levels
3. somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| How does somatostatin inhibit the release of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Decrease Ca++ coupling mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What metabolizes insulin? And how much gets metabolized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver extracts how much insulin from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No it's transported in free form. |
|
|
Term
| T/F C-peptide is degraded faster than insulin |
|
Definition
| Insulin is degraded faster than C-peptide |
|
|
Term
| What is C-peptide used for? |
|
Definition
| Is a good estimate of insulin release (good for measurement) |
|
|
Term
| What is the half-life of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the basal levels of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By how many times does insulin get released after a stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does insulin only have to bind to 5-10% of its receptors for activation? |
|
Definition
| Because the receptors are high affinity specific receptors. So you only need a little bit of stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the insulin receptors. |
|
Definition
| 2 symmetrical subunits: Alpha and Beta |
|
|
Term
| T/F The alpha subunit of the insulin receptor transect the membrane. |
|
Definition
| False. The beta subunit transect the membrane. The alpha subunit stays on the surface of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which subunit does insulin bind to on the insulin receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin binds to the beta subunit on the insulin receptors |
|
Definition
False
Insulin binds to the alpha subunit |
|
|
Term
| What is activated when insulin binds to its receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin causes a catabolic response |
|
Definition
False
Causes an anabolic response. Ex. Fat synthesis, protein synthesis, growth and gene expression |
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin binding to its receptors prevent the entry of ions into cells. |
|
Definition
False
Insulin binding to its receptors allows many things to enter the cell such as K+, PO, Mg++ and Glucose |
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin binding allows for Glycogen synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding (inc/dec) cAMP levels |
|
Definition
decreases
Remember that cAMP levels increased to allow secretion of insulin from Beta cells in the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding (inc/dec) tyrosine kinase system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of insulin (inc/dec) Mg++, Na+, and K+ ATPase system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding (inc/dec) K+ transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding (inc/dec) Mg++, PO4= transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding (inc/dec) amino acids transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin binding allows for the increase in intracellular Ca++ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are insulin receptors made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Increase uptake of glucose at the tissue surface |
|
|
Term
| What transporters allow for glucose to be taken up at the tissue surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does insulin affect enzymes within the cell? |
|
Definition
| Via the secondary messengers |
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding increases glucose entry into the cell by ___X |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the glucose is stored as glycogen when insulin binding occurs? |
|
Definition
| 75% of glucose to glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Glucose transporters (GLUT) are (number) membrane spanning domains with both NH2 and COOH groups found (inside/outside) the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which GLUT is found ubiquitously? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which GLUT is at the physiological level of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which GLUT is found in high levels in the liver, small intestine, pancreatic B-cells, and proximal tubules of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In high levels in the liver, small intestine, pancreatic B-cells, and proximal tubules of the kidney? |
|
|
Term
| When Km is low that means affinity is (high/low) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Km for GLUT2? What is the affinity? |
|
Definition
Km is 20-40mM (pretty high)
Low affinity (Since there's so many GLUT 2s) |
|
|
Term
| Which transporters are most likely reduced in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which GLUT are found in nervous tissue (neurons)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Km for GLUT 3? |
|
Definition
1-5mM, Low Km
High affinity (Because there arent that many GLUT 3's so they need to have high affinity!) |
|
|
Term
| Which GLUT is the only one that is insulin sensitive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues have Glut 4? |
|
Definition
Adipocytes
skeletal and cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when it says that Glut 4 is insulin sensitive? |
|
Definition
| It means that insulin modulates the synthesis AND migration of Glut 4 from the inside of the cell to the surface of the cell to allow glucose to be transported into the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Km of Glut 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 90% of which transporter are found in intracellular compartments prior to insulin stimulation? |
|
Definition
Glut4.
Because they are the only Glut that are insulin sensitive |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the numbers of Glut4 in obesity and people with type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Numbers of Glut4 are decreased |
|
|
Term
| Insulin (inc/dec) glucose release from the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does insulin decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver? |
|
Definition
1. Decrease in cAMP (inhibits phosphorylase enzymes which normally keep glucose from leaving the cell)
2. increase in glycogen synthesis and glucokinase to store glucose
3. inhibit gluconeogenic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| How does insulin promote glucose uptake in the muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Facilitative Diffusion
2. Glut 4
3. Muscle has hexokinase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme allows for the phosphorylation of glucose in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does insulin promote glucose uptake in the muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Facilitative Diffusion
2. Glut 4
3. Muscle has hexokinase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Insulin (inc/dec) when exercising. |
|
Definition
| Insulin decreases when you are exercising |
|
|
Term
| Is insulin needed for glucose to enter an exercising muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Insulin is released during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F A resting muscle is impermeable to glucose without insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When exercising muscle is using the glucose that is stored (example glycogen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases glucose entry into adipocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases glucose into the liver? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate glucokinase to phosphorylate the glucose to keep it from coming back out |
|
|
Term
| Name 7 diff ways that insulin helps lipid metabolism (anabolic) by stimulating various enzymes |
|
Definition
1. Glut4 getting glucose into adipocytes
2. Glucose getting into liver through glucokinase
3. acetyl-Co-A-carboxylase increasing formation of Free Fatty Acids
4. Increase in alpha-glycerol phosphate (TG backbone) to allow for glycerol formation for TG
5. Increase in lipoproten lipase (breaks down TG into FFA and glycerol and these FFS go inside the fat cells and make new TG)
6. hormone sensitive lipase is inhibited
7. Increase in NADPH |
|
|
Term
| What is the NET EFFECT of how insulin helps lipid metabolism (anabolic) by stimulating various enzymes |
|
Definition
Increases synthesis and storage (lipogenesis)
Decreases utilization (lipolysis) |
|
|
Term
| Net effect of insulin on protein metabolism? (Anabolic) |
|
Definition
| We want storage of all the nutrients we store during a meal to use later! |
|
|
Term
| Detailed effects of insulin on protein metabolism? (Anabolic) |
|
Definition
1. INCREASED aa transport into the cell
2. INCREASED Protein synthesis in cell
3. INCREASED RNA synthesis, ribosonal activity
4. DECREASED breakdown of aa from muscle
5. DECREASED gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the synthetic analog of amylin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Enhances the way insulin works
2. Slows rate of release of nutrient
3. Helps to control appetite (works with CNS)
4. Supresses glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone works antagoninistically to insulin? |
|
Definition
| glucagon (elevates blood insulin levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1) are made in the L-cells of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What is an immediate negative risk in Type 1 diabetics with combination treatment of Insulin and Amylin(Symlin)? |
|
Definition
| Post prandial hypoglycemia (Low glucose after a meal) |
|
|
Term
| GI hormones stimulated by food in the gut modulate secretions from the pancreas are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impaired secretion of incretins is seen in (Type 1/Type 2) Diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does GLP-1 do to insulin/glucagon secretion in relation to glucose? |
|
Definition
Enhances insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner
Inhibits glucagon secretion and delays gastric emptying. |
|
|
Term
| T/F GLP-1 makes you feel full longer because of its inhibition of gastric emptying and motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone delays gastric emptying and glucagon secretion and makes you feel full longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is a GLP-1 mimetic for Type 1 Diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is involved in inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, and causes for the liver to release glucose into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon comes from which cell of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ and ________ inhibit synthesis of glucagon by repressing transcription of the glucagon gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ and ________ inhibit synthesis of glucagon by repressing transcription of the glucagon gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Glucagon is a peptide hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased calcium does what to glucagon? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits release of glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Glucose (inhibits/increases) release of glucagon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids such as alanine, arginine, and leucine (inhibits/increases) release of glucagon. |
|
Definition
| Increase, because amino acids stimulate the secretion of insulin from Beta-cells and so this may act to maintain homeostasis so that you don't become hypoglycemic |
|
|
Term
| somatostatin/insulin (increases/decreases) release of glucagon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic NS (increases/decreases) release of glucagon |
|
Definition
Increase secretion of glucagon.
(Sympathetic stimulation release NE, Epi which elevate blood glucose levels- think about when you need glucose in fight or flight response) |
|
|
Term
| Fasting, exercise, and stress (inc/dec) glucagon levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the glucagon half-life short or long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the basal levels of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| 50-75 pg/ml (Amount of glucagon that is always there) |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon (inc/dec) cAMP levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates the release of Glucose-6-phosphate, gluconeogenic enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glucagon 3 enzymes inhibit? |
|
Definition
| glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthetase |
|
|
Term
| T/F Having no adrenal glands means the gluconeogenic effects would be greatly increased |
|
Definition
False
Without adrenal glands, you'd have no corticosteroids. Thus you would not get the full effects of gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| In the presence of glucagon, in adipocytes, hormone sensitive lipases are elevated which (inc/dec) levels of cAMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon does what to TG? |
|
Definition
| Breaks them down so they can be used as fuel (B-oxidation rather than synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon is anabolic/catabolic. |
|
Definition
| catabolic (opposite of insulin effects) |
|
|
Term
Normal molar Ratio of insulin:glucagon is:
ratio of insulin:glucagon when fasting:
ratio of insulin:glucagon after a pure carb meal: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half-life of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
1-3 mins.
That's even shorter than glucagon! |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin inhibits the release of the hormones __________ and ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Materials from the gut stimulate release of somatostatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following increases when Somatostatin is released?
A. Norepi (alpha-adrenergic)
B. insulin
C. Amino Acids
D. Acetylcholine |
|
Definition
C. Amino Acids
(All the rest decrease as a result of somatostatin release) |
|
|
Term
| What increases as a result of somatostatin release (He mentioned 5 things) |
|
Definition
AA
glucose
FFA
glucagon
Some GI hormones |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone did Katovich say was a negative hormone because it reduced so many gastric functins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin (Impairs/Enhances)uptake of calcium by Beta-cells of the pancreas (think about cAMP) |
|
Definition
Impairs uptake of Ca++
This might lower cAMP levels (less insulin released) |
|
|
Term
| Administration of somatostatin with insulin would be beneficial in Type 1/Type 2 Diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a greater stimulus for insulin secretion? Oral or IV administration of glucose. |
|
Definition
| Oral because of incretins, GI hormones, NS stimulation etc.. |
|
|
Term
| Free fatty acids _______ insulin and _______ glucagon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids stimulates which of the 3 Islet hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
