Term
| The total # of cases of a disease in a population at a given time is the ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of new cases per _______ per year is the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 most prevalent cancers? |
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Definition
Skin Cancer
Breast
prostate
colorectal
gynecologic |
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Term
| What cancers made of the highest percentage of cancer deaths in 2010? |
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Definition
1. Lung and Bronchus
2. Prostate (men) Breast (women)
3. colorectal
4. pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal mass of cells as a result of uncoordinated cell growth. aka Neoplasm |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a benign tumor? |
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Definition
| slow and limited overgrowth, cells well differentiated and resemble tissue of origin, localized |
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Term
| Define pre-malignant tumor. |
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Definition
| pre-invasion state of mal. tumor |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor (cancer)? |
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Definition
| rapid and uncontrollable growth, cell less differentiated and may be very different from cells of origin, invasion and metastasis |
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Term
| A malignant tumor of the epithelium is called a __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| A malignant tumor of connective tissue is called a _________? |
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Definition
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Term
A malignant tumor of blood forming tissues (monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells) are called?
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Definition
| leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma |
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Term
| A malignant tumor of neural tissues is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account _-_% of ______and ______ cancers. Normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in _____________ |
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Definition
5-10% of breast and ovarian cancers.
Normal BRCA genes are tumor suppressor genes, encoding proteins involved in DNA damage repair |
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Term
| MLH1 and MSH2 mutations account for __% of ______ cancer. Normal MLH1 and MSH2 genes are involved in__________. |
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Definition
5% colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
DNA mismatch repair |
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Term
| APC gene mutations are related to ______cancer. Normal APC genes are involved in preventing ______ from entering the nucleus to intiate transcription. |
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Definition
| FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis) (colon) Beta-catenin |
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Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? Give two examples. |
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Definition
They encode proteins that are important in regulating cell growth and differentiation. Mutations or over-expression turns them into oncogenes.
RAS and WNT |
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Term
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Definition
| GTPase. (GTPase plays an important role in signaling pathways medication cell growth, differention, and survival.) |
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Term
| Availability of WNT is regulated by binding to ______. Loss of this protein is frequently observed in which cancers (3)? What effect does loss of this protein have? |
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Definition
SFRP-1 (secreted frizzled-related protein-1)
bladder, breast, colorectal
Frees up beta-catenin
(beta-catenin initiates transcriptional activity critical for cell proliferation and differentiation) "beta-catenin going wild" |
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Term
| What are tumor suppressor genes and give an example |
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Definition
They encode for proteins important in regulating cell growth and differentiation.
Rb, BRCA 1 and 2, APC |
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Term
| Normal Rb (retinoblastoma protein) binds to transcripton factor _____ to stop cell cycle transition from ____ to ___ phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutated P53 genes are found in ___% of human tumors. P53 is invloved in ________, ___________, and ___________. |
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Definition
>50%
cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and apoptosis |
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Term
| Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder where one copy of mutated ____ is inherited |
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Definition
TP53.
They individuals are at much higher risk for cancer at young age. may develop multiple cancers |
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Term
| HPV is associate with ____cancer |
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Definition
| repeated infection by Types 16 and 18 is associated with increased incidence of cervical cancer |
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Term
| T/F. Benign tumors are never life threatening. |
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Definition
| F. generally not life threatening (exception brain tumors). Pressure on tissues interferes with normal function |
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Term
| Describe Malignant Tumors |
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Definition
| Life threatening. Invade surrounding tissues. Metastasize |
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Term
Give 2 example of pre-malignant tumors with high tendency to become malignant
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Definition
colon Polyp
Actinic Keratosis |
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Term
Normal Processes required for tissue renewal and repair are _________and __________
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Definition
| proliferation and differentiation |
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Term
| Describe totipotent stem cells |
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Definition
| first few cells in fertilized egg, able to generate entire organism |
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Term
| Pluripotent SC can develop into what types of cells? |
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Definition
| can develop into any of the 3 germ layers (i.e. neural, mesenchymal, hematopoietic) |
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Term
| Describe Multipotent (progenitor) stem cells |
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Definition
| can only develop into limited number of cell types. Ex: hematopoietic stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Can only develop into one cell type. Ex: skin cells and hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the morphologic/histologic characteristics of cancer cell? |
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Definition
| poorly differentiated, highly proliferative (abnormal size and shape, more cells in mitosis) |
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Term
Histologic grading is based on degree of differentiation and # of proliferating cells. Which grade is closest to normal?
Which grade is closest to undifferentiated progenitor cells |
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Definition
Grade I-closest to normal cells
Grade IV- closest to undifferentiated progenitor cell |
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Term
| What are the functional characteristics of cancer cell? (6) |
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Definition
1.Genetic Abnormality
2.Alterations in growth factor dependence 3.Altered cell-cell and cell-environment interactions
4.Increased life span
5.Acquired ability to invade ability to present antigens
6.ability to induce angiogenesis |
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Term
| What genetic abnormality do cancer cells exhibit? |
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Definition
| chromosome abnormality (# and structure), point mutations, additions, deletions, amplifications |
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Term
| How is growth factor dependence altered in cancer cells? |
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Definition
| proliferation w/o presence of growth factors, autocrine productions of growth factors, inappropriate activation due to altered receptor/signaling pathways |
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Term
| How are cell-cell & cell-environment interactions altered in cancer cells? |
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Definition
-loss of cell-cell inhibition
-reduced ability to adhere-surface tumor cells easier to dislodge
-ability to survive w/o contact to matrix
-free tumor cells-increased ability to adhere--enhances ability to invade/metastasize |
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Term
| What is responsible for the increased life span of cancer cells? |
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Definition
| High levels of telomerase keeps telomere length after each division--> immortal cells |
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Term
| What 2 things are responsible for cancer cells acquired ability to invade surrounding tissue? |
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Definition
-produce and secrete enzymes to digest matrix proteins
-change cytoskeleton and cell shape for mobility and migration |
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Term
| How do cancer cells induce angiogenesis? |
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Definition
| produce and secrete growth factors such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) to stimulate blood vessel formation-->sustains tumor growth |
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Term
What is the detection limit of conventional radiography?
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Definition
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Term
| What is the potential lethal number for cancer cells? |
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Definition
35 doubling --> 10^12 (4 cm) |
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Term
| What is intravasation? And how do cancer cells do it? |
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Definition
gaining access to vasculature.
Cancer cells produce factors to digest matrix and to retract endothelial lining to move through gaps and gain access to blood stream |
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Term
Cancer cells produce _____ to digest/degrade matrix proteins. These are ____- dependent endopeptidases, e.g. collogenase
They also produce cathepsisins which are _______ endopeptidases |
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Definition
1. MMMPs ( matrix metalloproteases)
2. zinc-dependent
3. lysosomal |
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Term
| What factors increase the survival of cancer cells in blood stream (only 1 in 10,000 may survive)? |
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Definition
| - induce platelet aggregation to form a thrombus (to evade immune cells) -upregulate integrins to bind to platelets -thrombosis and increased adhesiveness (integrins) allows cancer cell to come to a stop against blood flow. - |
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Term
| What are the 4 Routes of Metastasis? |
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Definition
| -across body cavities -lymphatic spread -hematogenic spread -mechanical transfer |
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Term
| What are the factors influencing sites of metastasis |
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Definition
| -lymph or vasculature drainage -local environment suitability (most important) |
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Term
Common sites of metastasis Lung? Colon? Prostate? Breast?
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Definition
| Lung: brain and bones Colon: liver Prostate: bones Breast: bones, liver, lungs brain |
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Term
| What are 2 cancer Risk Factors |
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Definition
Radiation-induces DNA damage
Chemical Carcinogens |
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Term
Describe the differenct types of Chemical Carcinogens.
(direct, indirect, polycyclic aromatic HCs) |
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Definition
| Direct reacting agents: direct DNA damage Indirect: active after biotransformation, Ex: aflatoxin B1 found in contaminated peanuts and corn Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo(a)pyrene: form DNA adduct (smoked meat, tobacco smoke) |
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Term
| What types of Imaging are used for cancer diagnosis? |
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Definition
| Transmission Imaging (X-rays, CT,bone scan, mammograms (x-ray), lymphoangiogram) Reflection (ultrasound) Emission (MRI, PET) |
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Term
| What types of cytologic and histologic procedures are done for cancer diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What techniques are used for Genetic cancer diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a Biomarker used for cancer diagnosis. |
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Definition
| Example: PSA-prostate specific antigen (currently more useful in assessing prognosis to treatment) -not specific to malignant form and not generally elevated in pre-symptomatic stage |
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Term
| In 2007, cancer ranked #__ as the cause of death . |
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Definition
| 2 (second to heart disease) |
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Term
| In the cell cycle the checkpoint for proper DNA replication is between phase ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the cell cycle, the checkpoint for DNA damage is between phases ___and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Which cyclin is synthesized during these phases of the cell cycle?
G1 to S
S to G2
G2 to M
M to G1
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Definition
G1 to S=E
S to G2=A
G2 to M=B
M to G1=D |
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