Term
Opportunistic microorganisms |
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Definition
| organisms that usually do not cause disease, but seize the opportunity when the immune system is weakened or suppressed. |
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Term
4 stages infectious process
(organism) |
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Definition
Colonization
Invasion
Multiplication
Spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Infections contracted from animal reservoirs (zoonotic), human to human, vertical transmission (birth canal or breast milk), airborne droplets. |
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Term
4 stages disease process
(affected individual) |
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Definition
Incubation period-has begun multiplying, but does not cause symptoms (hrs-yrs)
Prodromal stage- initial mild symptoms
Invasion period - pathogen is multiplying rapidly and affecting tissues, immune and inflammatory responses are triggered.
Convalescence - immune and inflammatory systems have successfully removed the infectious agent. |
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Definition
| Hallmark of most infectious disease. Caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to spread from one individual to another and cause disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of pathogens to induce an immune response |
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Definition
| The ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host. |
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Definition
| How the microorganism damages tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of an agent to produce disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host: direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, bite of animal/insect |
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Definition
| ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins, affect pathogen's degree of virulence |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| divide by binary fission and have a variety of morpholgies (cocci, baccilli, vibrios, spirilla).Most bacteria that cause disease are these type. |
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Definition
| Branching, mycelium like structures that resemble fungi. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexible, spiral filaments that are motile. T. pallidum (syphilis) and Borrellia burgdorferi (Lyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular parasites that can be rod-shaped, spherical or pleomorphic. Typically spread by insect vectors. Rickettsia rickettsii |
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Term
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Definition
Lack a cell wall and are small and pleomorphic.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Definition
| Strict intracellular parasites, but with a more complex life cycle. Chlamydia trachomatis most commonly sexually transmitted disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins released during bacterial growth. Usually enzymes with highly specific effects. Vaccines available for many (tetanus, diptheria, pertussis) |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies produced against exotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides contained in the cell walls of gram - bacteria and released during lysis of the bacteria. Usually produce fever and other effects of inflammation. Antibiotics are not protective against these toxins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pathogen alters surface molecules that express antigens recognized by the immune response. Once an individual has produced antibodies against the antigens, they change and become resistant. Through mutation, recombination, gene switching |
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Term
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Definition
toxins that increase the adherence between MHC class II proteins on antigen presenting cells and the T-cell receptor
Toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, scarlet fever |
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Term
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Definition
| Septic shock caused by the release of a sufficient amount of endotoxin, one of the leading causes of death in the ICU |
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Term
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Definition
| has become a major problem lately with S. aureas (methicyllin resistant Staphylococcus aureus -MRSA). Have developed resistance to broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic microorganisms with the capacity to form a variety of complex structures Mold, yeast or dimorphic forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection caused by fungus. Most pathogenic fungi grow as saprophytes in the environment and are transmitted via inhalation or contamination of wounds. Coccidioides immitus, Blastomyces dermatitis |
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Definition
| one of the most common infections worldwide, cause 400 m. cases and 1 m deaths. Four different types all transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic viral structure consists of nucleic acid protected by a protein shell (capsid). Can be helical, icosahedral, or large pleimorphic. Most common affliction of humans. Common cold, cold sore, hepatitis, HIV and cancer(some types) |
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Term
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Definition
attachment -to target cell
penetration - by endosytosis or membrane fusion
uncoating - release of viral nucleic acid from the viral capsid by viral or host enzymes
replication - synthesis of viral proteins/mRNA
assembly - formation of new virions
release - by lysis or budding |
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Term
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Definition
| carries an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that creates a double stranded DNA version of the virus. The DNA "provirus" enters the host cell's nucleus and becomes integrated into the host cell's chromosomal DNA. (HIV) |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans suffer from Influenza A and B. Vaccine is a trivalent mixture from two influenza A subtypes and one B subtype. antigenic drift occurs yearly, so people can get the flu each year although infection may be lessened from protection resulting from the previous year's infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus. Major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Predominantly a disease of male homosexuals. Sub-Saharan Africa is epicenter of pandemic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood borne pathogen present in body fluids. Typical routes of transmission: blood or blood products, intravenous drug abuse, heterosexual and homosexual activity and maternal-child transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| Retroviruses use a viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into double stranded DNA. Using a second enzyme, integrase, the new DNA is inserted into the cell's genetic material, where it may remain dormant. If cell is activated, translation of viral information may be initiated which results in formation of new virions, lysis and death of the infected cell and shedding of infectious HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period between infection and the appearance of an antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Includes at least 3 drugs from 2 classes of antiretroviral agents including protease inhibitor and reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Because virus gets into cell's genetic material treatment with these drugs may last a lifetime. |
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Term
| AIDS defining opportunistic infections |
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Definition
| Candidiasis, Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacteriosis, Pneumocysitis, Toxoplasmosis, Kaposi sarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| relies on laboratory test combined with symptoms. Test is for antibodies against HIV proteins, if the individual is seropositive, the diagnosis of AIDS is made in combination with clinical symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atypical or opportunistic infections, debilitating chronic disease, decreased CD-4 T-cell numbers at or below 200 cells/µL |
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Term
| Mechanism of action - antibiotics |
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Definition
| inhibition of the function or protection of the cell wall, prevention of protein synthesis, blockage of DNA replication, interference with folic acid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose of a vaccine is to induce active immunologic protection before exposure to the risk of infection. In general, vaccine-induced protection does not last as long as infection-induced immunity so booster shots are needed throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| Purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity. Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis |
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