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Pathophysiology
Nursing 337
350
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
08/10/2011

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Term
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
Definition
protect cells from injury
Term
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the following organs?
Definition
Skeletal muscles
Term
The process of cellular atrophy is accomplished through which of the following processes?
Definition
Formation of autophagic vacuoles
Term
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to:
Definition
tissue loss.
Term
Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to:
Definition
all of the above (neoplasia (cancer), dysplasia, and metaplasia).
Term
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process of:
Definition
hypertrophy.
Term
The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in:
Definition
protein synthesis.
Term
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
Definition
dysplasia.
Term
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
Definition
another type of cell.
Term
Atypical hyperplasia (dysplasia) is characterized by abnormal changes in all of the following except:
Definition
cell secretions.
Term
Which of the following is a form of metaplasia that can occur in the human body?
Definition
Squamous epithelial cells of the esophageal lining are replaced by glandular cells similar to those lining the stomach.
Term
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
Definition
ischemia.
Term
Tissue ischemia and a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation result in:
Definition
decreased ATP production.
Term
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
Definition
a decrease in protein synthesis.
Term
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
Definition
autodigestion of cells.
Term
Restoration of oxygen to oxygen-deprived tissues results in:
Definition
reperfusion injury.
Term
Free radical injury can be caused by all of the following factors except:
Definition
tissue damage by antioxidants.
Term
Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are molecules in food that act as:
Definition
antioxidants.
Term
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following mechanisms?
Definition
Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
Term
The population group most vulnerable to lead poisoning is:
Definition
children.
Term
Which of the following organs is most frequently affected by ethanol injury?
Definition
Liver
Term
Fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can result in:
Definition
all of the above. (low birth weight, mental retardation, death)
Term
Why is carbon monoxide exposure a life-threatening condition?
Definition
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and prevents normal oxygen transport to tissues.
Term
Death by suffocation can occur within minutes when ambient oxygen drops below:
Definition
5%.
Term
Which of the following molecules accumulates in liver cells as a result of alcohol abuse?
Definition
Fat (lipids)
Term
Which type of genetic disorder is Tay-Sachs disease?
Definition
Autosomal recessive
Term
The process by which cells program themselves to die is called:
Definition
apoptosis.
Term
Which of the following cellular processes occurs during apoptosis?
Definition
Cleavage of key cellular proteins
Term
The postmortem decrease in body temperature is called:
Definition
algor mortis.
Term
The body’s first line of defense against microorganisms is/are the:
Definition
skin and mucous membranes.
Term
In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response:
Definition
recognizes specific invaders.
Term
The primary cell of immunity is the:
Definition
lymphocyte.
Term
Humoral immunity is generated through the process of:
Definition
producing antibodies.
Term
If a person has resistance to a disease from natural exposure to an antigen, the person has which form of immunity?
Definition
Active acquired
Term
The condition in which the immune cells attack the individual’s own tissues as if they were invaders is called:
Definition
autoimmunity.
Term
Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during an immune response?
Definition
Plasma cells
Term
Which process confers long-lasting immunity against a specific organism?
Definition
Production of memory cells
Term
The predominant antibody of a typical secondary immune response is:
Definition
IgG.
Term
If a person is exposed to antigen X and is later exposed to antigen X again, which of the following immune responses will occur?
Definition
Secondary
Term
What type of immunity is conferred when an individual is given a vaccine?
Definition
Active acquired immunity
Term
Which of the following is not a function of antibodies?
Definition
Direct cell killing through the release of toxic chemicals
Term
Which type of antibody can be created in a laboratory for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and will only react with a single antigen?
Definition
Monoclonal
Term
Which is the main antibody transferred from a mother to an infant in breast milk?
Definition
IgA
Term
When a person has an allergic reaction to bee stings, which antibody causes the life-threatening hypersensitivity response?
Definition
IgE
Term
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells can destroy infected or cancer cells by which of the following mechanisms?
Definition
Both A and B (Producing toxins and Stimulating apoptosis)
Term
Older individuals are at increased risk for which of the following problems?
Definition
All of the above (Autoimmune diseases, Hypersensitivity reactions, and Infections)
Term
A decrease in cell-mediated (T cell) immunity decreases at puberty because of:
Definition
atrophy of the thymus.
Term
Activation of the clotting system results in the production of:
Definition
fibrin.
Term
All of the following chemicals will induce a fever during inflammation except:
Definition
histamine.
Term
An elevation of which cell accounts for a “left shift” in the white blood cell count differential?
Definition
Bands and PMNs
Term
Cells defend against viral invasion through the production and secretion of:
Definition
interferon.
Term
In the respiratory system, the release of leukotrienes during an inflammatory response induces:
Definition
bronchoconstriction.
Term
Manifestation of local inflammation includes:
Definition
edema.
Term
Warmth and redness of the skin are indicators of inflammation. Which of the following processes is responsible for this clinical manifestation?
Definition
Vasodilation
Term
Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of a persistent bacterial infection?
Definition
Purulent
Term
Which white blood cell plays an important role in inhibiting the inflammatory response?
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
A child who has a history of many allergies, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and chronic yeast infections of the gastrointestinal tract may have an underlying immune disease called:
Definition
IgA deficiency.
Term
A differential rise in which white blood cells is typically seen with viral infections?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
A person with type AB blood is a universal:
Definition
blood recipient.
Term
A systemic manifestation of infection is:
Definition
fever.
Term
Desensitization therapy improves allergies by which of the following mechanisms?
Definition
Producing antibodies that prevent the allergen from binding to IgE
Term
Vaccines have been developed to protect against pathogens. For which types of organisms have vaccines been developed?
Definition
Both A and B (Viruses and Bacteria)
Term
What type of reaction occurs when the body mounts an aggressive response against an organ transplanted from another person?
Definition
Alloimmune
Term
Why are fungal infections resistant to most antibiotic therapies?
Definition
Fungi have thick polysaccharide walls that resist antibiotics.
Term
A 36-year-old male is experiencing frontotemporal hair recession. He is diagnosed with male pattern baldness, a form of:
Definition
alopecia
Term
A 13-year-old female is concerned about several pigmented skin lesions on her body. Her physician tells her that these lesions must be monitored because of their ability to transform into malignant melanoma. These lesions are referred to as:
Definition
nevi
Term
A 19-year-old female developed a circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink lesion. Two weeks later she developed more lesions over the trunk and upper part of the extremities. This manifestation is most consistent with which of the following disorder?
Definition
Pityriasis Rosea
Term
Which cells are involved in initiating immune responses in the skin?
Definition
Langerhans cells
Term
Onychomycosis is:
Definition
fungal infection of the nail plate
Term
Which of the following is not a viral skin infection?
Definition
Impetigo
Term
A 42 year old client has thick plaque, white, scaly and flaky skin. The nurse knows that these symptoms occurs when the cell cycle is shortened as it occurs with which
of the following?
Definition
Psoriasis
Term
A client asks the nurse in the dermatologist’s office what a carbuncle infection is. The nurse replies that it is a:
Definition
Bacterial infection of the hair follicles extending to the dermis
Term
In differentiating a basal cell carcinoma from a squamous cell carcinoma, you understand that a basal cell carcinoma lesion is:
Definition
pearly gray, smooth appearance with rolled border, depressed center and slow growing
Term
Most forms of focal brain injury or diffuse axonal injury are associated with increased:
Definition
intracranial pressure.
Term
A concussion is defined as temporary axonal disturbance with loss of consciousness lasting less than:
Definition
6 hours.
Term
Spinal shock involves loss of:
Definition
All of the above (skeletal motor function, peripheral sensory function, and autonomic function)
Term
Autonomic hyperreflexia is often caused by:
Definition
pain stimulation below the level of the spinal cord lesion.
Term
In terms of risk factors, cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) are most similar to:
Definition
myocardial infarctions.
Term
The most common cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) is obstruction of a cerebral artery by:
Definition
a thrombus.
Term
In the pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, the release of which substance is associated with neuron hyperpolarization and seizure activity?
Definition
Excitotoxins
Term
In subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), blood accumulates:
Definition
in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the brain and skull.
Term
The most common source of life-threatening meningitis is:
Definition
streptococcus pneumoniae.
Term
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis can include all of the following except:
Definition
mild frontal headache.
Term
Encephalitis is usually caused by:
Definition
viral infection.
Term
The development of sensory and motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis is caused by:
Definition
immunologic and inflammatory demyelination of central nervous system neurons.
Term
The tonic phase of an epileptic seizure is characterized by:
Definition
involuntary muscle contraction and loss of consciousness.
Term
Which of the following vertebral disorders involves a structural defect (often hereditary) that causes forward displacement of affected vertebra?
Definition
Spondylosis
Term
Which of the following problems are likely to occur following a severe focal brain injury?
Definition
All of the above (Cerebral edema, Subdural hematoma, and Contrecoup injury)
Term
A decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is related to which of the following physiological changes?
Definition
Decrease in arterial blood pressure
Term
The displacement of the temporal lobe into the tentorial notch resulting in brain stem compression is know as a(n):
Definition
uncal herniation.
Term
Excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation in the ventricles or subarachnoid space is a condition called:
Definition
hydrocephalus.
Term
An individual with paralysis of the lower extremities has:
Definition
paraplegia.
Term
The main source of bleeding in subdural hematomas is:
Definition
venous.
Term
Which intervertebral disks are most likely to be herniated?
Definition
L4-S1
Term
Risk factors for stroke syndromes include all of the following except:
Definition
anticoagulant medications.
Term
The most common neurologic disorder observed in individuals with AIDS is:
Definition
encephalopathy.
Term
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the degeneration of:
Definition
motor neurons in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Term
Immediately following a spinal cord injury, spinal reflexes below the level of the lesion are disrupted because of:
Definition
spinal cord swelling.
Term
Symptoms of autonomic hyperreflexia include the following:
Definition
Headache and blurred vision
Term
A severe focal injury to the temporal region of the skull can rupture the middle meningeal artery, resulting in an epidural hemorrhage. In this type of intracranial hemorrhage, the bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the:
Definition
skull.
Term
A major risk factor for the development of a chronic subdural hematoma is:
Definition
alcoholism.
Term
Which of the following is not a type of subdural hematoma?
Definition
Intracerebral
Term
Intracerebral hemorrhages most frequently occur in the:
Definition
frontal and temporal lobes.
Term
Syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone (SIADH) results in excessive:
Definition
renal retention of water without sodium retention.
Term
Classic symptoms of diabetes insipidus (DI) include all of the following except:
Definition
hypertension.
Term
When evaluating the kidney function of an individual with diabetes insipidus (DI), the nurse would observe:
Definition
high volume urine output.
Term
In adults, the most serious consequence of panhypopituitarism is the loss of:
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Term
Acromegaly is caused by increased secretion of:
Definition
growth hormone.
Term
Prolactinomas (pituitary tumors that secrete prolactin) cause which of the following problems in women?
Definition
Breast milk production without pregnancy
Term
A clinician would suspect thyrotoxicosis if a patient presented with which of the following symptoms?
Definition
Weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland
Term
Graves disease is an example of a:
Definition
type II hypersensitivity.
Term
What is the cause of exophthalmos in Graves disease?
Definition
Degenerative changes in the muscle and orbital edema
Term
An endocrinologist orders a series of lab tests to assess thyroid function. Low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are indicative of:
Definition
primary hypothyroidism.
Term
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include all of the following except:
Definition
diarrhea.
Term
The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in adults is:
Definition
autoimmune thyroiditis.
Term
Thyroid carcinoma usually presents with the following thyroid tissue changes:
Definition
small nodules.
Term
Which of the following disorders can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Definition
Chronic renal failure
Term
The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is:
Definition
parathyroid gland injury or removal.
Term
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) involves:
Definition
all of the above. (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, production of antibodies against insulin, and type IV hypersensitivity against pancreatic islet cells).
Term
A new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is based on:
Definition
fasting plasma glucose levels and glucose tolerance tests.
Term
Hyperglycemia and lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are a result of:
Definition
insulin resistance.
Term
Signs and symptoms common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) include all of the following except:
Definition
weight loss.
Term
Signs and symptoms that a person with type 1 diabetes has administered too much insulin include:
Definition
dizziness and confusion.
Term
Gestational diabetes can occur: during
Definition
pregnancy.
Term
The purpose of monitoring glycosylated hemoglobin levels in persons with diabetes is to:
Definition
monitor long-term serum glucose control.
Term
The symptom of polyuria in diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by:
Definition
increased glucose in the urine.
Term
What effect does the presence of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) have in diabetes?
Definition
Tissue injury
Term
The development of an acute metabolic acidosis from insulin deficiency is due to which of the following processes?
Definition
Fatty acid metabolism with ketone production
Term
Alterations in lipid and protein metabolism lead to chronic complications of DM through which of the following processes?
Definition
All of the above (Activation of protein kinase C, Induction of the polyol pathway, and Glycosylation)
Term
Chronic complications of DM include which of the following?
Definition
All of the above (peripheral neuropathies, end-stage renal disease, and coronary artery disease)
Term
Cushing disease is commonly caused by:
Definition
ectopic production of ACTH from a lung tumor.
Term
Which of the following alterations would you expect to find in a patient with untreated Cushing disease or syndrome?
Definition
Truncal obesity
Term
The most common cause of Addison disease is:
Definition
autoimmune injury to the adrenal cortex.
Term
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of benign tumors?
Definition
Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule.
Term
Malignant tumors have a tendency to:
Definition
all of the above. (grow rapidly, metastasize to distant tissues, and invade surrounding tissues).
Term
Referring to cancer, the term anaplasia means:
Definition
loss of cellular differentiation.
Term
Tumor cell markers can be used to:
Definition
all of the above. (screen individuals for cancer, diagnose tumor type, and follow the clinical course of tumor development).
Term
Immortality in cancer cells is obtained through the production of:
Definition
telomerase.
Term
The normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to:
Definition
control production of anti-growth signals.
Term
Which of the following mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation?
Definition
Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene.
Term
Viruses are associated with all of the following cancers except:
Definition
lung cancer.
Term
Which of the following viruses has been implicated in the development of cervical cancer?
Definition
Human papilloma virus
Term
Obesity is an important risk factor for all of the following cancers except:
Definition
leukemia.
Term
Which of the following statements about alcohol intake and cancer risk is true?
Definition
Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers.
Term
Local tissue invasion by a tumor is accomplished by which of the following mechanisms?
Definition
Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation
Term
The process of cancer cells entering into blood vessels is called:
Definition
intravasation.
Term
The most commonly reported symptom in individuals with cancer is:
Definition
fatigue.
Term
Cachexia is a syndrome that includes all of the following symptoms except:
Definition
dyspnea.
Term
Which of the following modes of treatment is not used to eradicate cancer?
Definition
Blood transfusions.
Term
A 28-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis is seen in a prenatal clinic for the first time late in her second trimester of pregnancy. She reports severe fatigue and experiences shortness of breath when going up stairs. Laboratory evaluation reveals low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Which of the following is a (are) potential cause(s) of her anemia?
Definition
All of the above (anemia of chronic inflammation, iron deficiency, and folate deficiency).
Term
A deficiency in which vitamin will lead to decreased clotting capabilities and increased risk of bleeding?
Definition
K
Term
Agranulocytosis increases a person’s risk of:
Definition
infection.
Term
Anemia from recent blood loss (acute blood loss) usually exhibits a red blood cell morphology that is:
Definition
normocytic and normochromic.
Term
A unique manifestation of hemolytic anemia (i.e., generally absent in other forms) is:
Definition
jaundice.
Term
Clinical manifestations unique to vitamin B12 anemia (i.e., usually absent in other types of anemia) include:
Definition
paresthesias, muscle weakness, and ataxia.
Term
Clinical manifestations of iron deficiency include all of the following except:
Definition
diarrhea.
Term
Erythropoietin, the hormone that regulates erythropoiesis, is released by the:
Definition
kidneys.
Term
Hemophilia is caused by:
Definition
an inherited clotting factor deficiency.
Term
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs in 5% to 15% of all individuals receiving heparin therapy. In these individuals, the administration of heparin induces:
Definition
platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.
Term
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is caused by:
Definition
antibody destruction of platelets in the spleen.
Term
Iron is stored in the tissues as:
Definition
all of the above. (myoglobin, ferritin, and hemosiderin).
Term
Leukemia is classified as:
Definition
acute or chronic.
Term
Why is gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity a risk factor for the development of pernicious (vitamin B12 deficiency) anemia?
Definition
Intrinsic factor production by the gastric epithelium is reduced.
Term
According to Laplace's law, the pressure required to inflate an alveolus is directly related to the:
Definition
amount of surface tension.
Term
A decrease in tidal volume results in a decrease in:
Definition
minute ventilation.
Term
A frequent complication of chronic bronchitis related to the hypersecretion of mucus is:
Definition
recurrent infections.
Term
A high ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio can be caused by:
Definition
obstruction to pulmonary blood flow.
Term
Air is expelled from the alveoli during exhalation due to the effects of:
Definition
elastin.
Term
Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration and is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called:
Definition
tension pneumothorax.
Term
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is generally the result of:
Definition
thick mucous secretions and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Term
A life-threatening complication of asthma is:
Definition
status asthmaticus.
Term
Alveolar hypoxia results in:
Definition
pulmonary artery and arteriole vasoconstriction.
Term
______ atelectasis is the collapse of lung tissue caused by external pressure exerted by a tumor, fluid, or air.
Definition
Compression
Term
Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by:
Definition
rapid respirations alternating with periods of apnea.
Term
Chronic pulmonary hypertension can eventually cause which of the following complications?
Definition
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Term
Coal miners or individuals exposed to asbestos often develop a chronic respiratory condition called:
Definition
pneumoconiosis.
Term
Covering the lungs is a serous membrane called the:
Definition
visceral pleura.
Term
Hypertrophy of the nailbeds due to chronic hypoxemia is called:
Definition
clubbing.
Term
Hypoventilation results in:
Definition
hypercapnia.
Term
In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), alveolar damage and impaired surfactant secretion lead to each of the following problems except:
Definition
air trapping.
Term
Individuals who have recently developed chronic bronchitis most often present with:
Definition
productive cough.
Term
Inflammation of the pleura that causes pain on inspiration is called:
Definition
pleurisy.
Term
In individuals with asthma, exposure to an allergen leads to which of the following pathophysiological events?
Definition
Bronchoconstriction and airway edema
Term
_____ is a term that signifies right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
Definition
Cor pulmonale
Term
Lung injury that results in diffuse pulmonary inflammation and infiltrates and that is followed by development of a hyaline membrane at the alveolocapillary interface is a condition known as:
Definition
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Term
Metaplastic changes to bronchial epithelial tissues are frequently caused by:
Definition
cigarette smoking.
Term
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema most often is caused by:
Definition
systemic infection (sepsis).
Term
Pneumonia leads to hypoxemia due to:
Definition
the accumulation of exudates and fibrin deposition.
Term
Pulmonary edema and pneumothorax are examples of ______ pulmonary disease.
Definition
Restrictive
Term
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
Definition
reduced tidal volumes.
Term
Respiratory failure is defined by which one of the following laboratory alterations?
Definition
High PaCO2
Term
Risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) include:
Definition
immunosuppression.
Term
Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) is transmitted via which of the following mechanisms?
Definition
Droplet inhalation
Term
Signs and symptoms of dyspnea include:
Definition
feeling short of breath.
Term
Staff at an inner-city homeless shelter send 46-year-old Henry Ship by ambulance to a local hospital after he begins coughing up blood. On arrival at the emergency room, he is feverish and says that he has felt very fatigued for several weeks. He also reports experiencing night sweats. Mr. Ship’s symptoms are most likely caused by:
Definition
tuberculosis.
Term
Surfactant coats the inner surface of the alveoli and:
Definition
prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.
Term
The collapse of a previously inflated area of lung tissue is called:
Definition
atelectasis.
Term
The region between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, and primary bronchi is called the:
Definition
mediastinum.
Term
A consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is:
Definition
lactic acidosis.
Term
Anaphylactic shock manifests with the rapid onset of which set of symptoms?
Definition
Dyspnea, hypotension, and urticaria.
Term
Anaphylactic shock occurs in response to severe:
Definition
allergic reactions.
Term
An individual with secondary hypertension has an abnormal blood pressure caused by:
Definition
a systemic disease.
Term
An unstable plaque in the coronary arteries can result in which of the following complications?
Definition
Myocardial infarction
Term
Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the:
Definition
left ventricle.
Term
A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures generally results from this condition?
Definition
Right heart failure
Term
A risk factor that is associated with atherosclerosis and primary hypertension is:
Definition
advanced age.
Term
Atherosclerosis of the aorta can cause isolated systolic hypertension by:
Definition
decreasing arterial distensibility.
Term
Causes of hypovolemic shock include all of the following except:
Definition
brainstem injury.
Term
Clinical manifestations of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower leg include:
Definition
pain and edema in the affected limb.
Term
Congestive heart failure (CHF) results in which of the following intraventricular hemodynamic changes?
Definition
Increased left ventricular preload.
Term
Dysfunction in the normal secretion of natriuretic hormones affects renal reabsorption of:
Definition
sodium.
Term
Elevated levels of which of the following markers are indicative of an acute myocardial infarction?
Definition
Isoenzyme of creatine phosphate (CK-MB) and Troponin 1
Term
Exchange of nutrients between the blood and the tissues takes place in the:
Definition
blood capillaries.
Term
Factors associated with endothelial injury in atherosclerosis include all of the following except:
Definition
anemia.
Term
Infective endocarditis is most often caused by:
Definition
bacteria.
Term
In MODS, which of the following events contribute to organ failure?
Definition
All of the above (microvascular clotting, interstitial edema, and exhaustion of fuel supply).
Term
In shock, how does the body maintain blood glucose levels once available glucose and glycogen stores are used up?
Definition
By breaking down protein to fuel gluconeogenesis.
Term
In the elderly, aortic stenosis usually results from which of the following conditions?
Definition
degeneration and calcification of the valve.
Term
Left ventricular afterload is determined by:
Definition
systemic vascular resistance.
Term
Multiplying heart rate by stroke volume determines:
Definition
cardiac output.
Term
Neurogenic shock is caused by:
Definition
a lack of sympathetic activity.
Term
Orthostatic hypotension refers to a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure when an individual:
Definition
stands up.
Term
Prinzmetal angina is caused by:
Definition
vasospasm.
Term
The heart chamber that pumps blood to the systemic circulation is the:
Definition
left ventricle.
Term
The most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is:
Definition
mitral valve prolapse.
Term
The most common consequence of atherosclerosis is:
Definition
obstruction of the blood vessel lumen.
Term
The pathophysiology of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) can be described though three processes, known as Virchow's triad. Which of the following is not a component of Virchow's triad?
Definition
LDL accumulation
Term
The pressure of the volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole is called:
Definition
preload.
Term
Unstable angina is considered a precursor to:
Definition
myocardial infarction.
Term
Which of the following forms of hyperdyslipidemia is associated with the development of the fatty streak in atherosclerosis?
Definition
High LDL
Term
Which of the following molecules forms a meshwork to stabilize the platelet plug during hemostasis?
Definition
Fibrin
Term
Which of the following conditions is caused by the collection of fluid in the pericardial sac, resulting in tamponade?
Definition
Pericardial effusion
Term
Which set of clinical manifestations is highly characteristic of a septic shock state?
Definition
Tachycardia, generalized edema, and warm skin.
Term
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates the secretion of:
Definition
aldosterone
Term
Acute tubular necrosis leading to acute renal failure can result from all of the following problems except:
Definition
increased ammonia levels from liver failure.
Term
After passing through the proximal convoluted tubule, the urine filtrate flows into the:
Definition
loop of Henle.
Term
A major modifiable risk factor for the development of renal calculi in the general population is:
Definition
dehydration.
Term
In addition to urinary tract infection, which of the following is a risk factor in the development of pyelonephritis?
Definition
Urinary retention and reflux
Term
In chronic renal failure, which of the following hormones often needs to be therapeutically replaced?
Definition
Erythropoietin
Term
Increased levels of aldosterone stimulate the reabsorption of which of the following molecules?
Definition
Sodium and water
Term
Individuals with chronic renal failure are at risk for osteomalacia and spontaneous bone fractures because:
Definition
of a vitamin D deficiency.
Term
In renal failure, the kidneys will continue to adapt until renal function reaches what percent of normal?
Definition
25%
Term
Loss of one kidney results in ______ of the remaining kidney.
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
Nephrotic syndrome occurs when there is loss of _____ in the urine.
Definition
protein
Term
Prerenal causes of acute renal failure include:
Definition
severe hypotension.
Term
Renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to ____ of normal.
Definition
25%
Term
The cause of glomerulonephritis is:
Definition
antigen-antibody complexes that deposit on the glomerular membrane.
Term
The primary manifestation of acute renal failure is:
Definition
oliguria.
Term
What is a primary laboratory finding in chronic renal failure?
Definition
Increased serum creatinine
Term
What is the cause of the peripheral edema that often manifests with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome?
Definition
Loss of plasma proteins in urine
Term
What would urinalysis show in a patient who is developing glomerular disease?
Definition
Proteinuria
Term
Which of the following are risk factors for the development of renal cell carcinoma?
Definition
All of the above (Male gender, Tobacco use, and Obesity).
Term
Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with the development of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Throat infections
Term
Which of the following are symptoms of uremia and azotemia?
Definition
All of the above (Pruritus, Fatigue, and Nausea).
Term
Which of the following substances does not normally get filtered in the kidneys?
Definition
Plasma proteins
Term
Which of the following disorders is characterized by a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system that affects bladder control?
Definition
Neurogenic bladder
Term
Which of the following symptoms manifests with both urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?
Definition
Dysuria
Term
Which of the following substances are actively secreted by the renal tubules?
Definition
Hydrogen and potassium
Term
Which of the following dietary nutrients must be restricted in individuals with advanced chronic renal failure?
Definition
Protein
Term
Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?
Definition
Erythropoietin
Term
Which of the following complications associated with renal failure creates the greatest need for immediate dialysis?
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Term
Which one of the following microorganisms causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Definition
Escherichia coli
Term
Which structure is situated just below the urinary bladder in the male?
Definition
Prostate gland
Term
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of the _____ through the ______.
Definition
stomach; diaphragm
Term
Appendicitis usually presents with pain that manifests in which abdominal quadrant?
Definition
Right lower
Term
Bilirubin in bile comes from:
Definition
phagocytosis of aged red blood cells.
Term
Cholelithiasis is:
Definition
the accumulation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
Term
Common causes of constipation include all of the following except:
Definition
laxative use.
Term
Common characteristics of Chron disease include which of the following?
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Term
Common manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include:
Definition
heartburn, dysphagia, and pain within one hour of eating.
Term
Diverticulosis can be related to which of the following dietary problems?
Definition
Diet high in refined foods
Term
Functions of the liver include all of the following except:
Definition
secretion of digestive enzymes.
Term
Gastric ulcers are characterized by:
Definition
pain with eating.
Term
Intestinal obstruction can lead to all of the following complications except:
Definition
hepatic failure.
Term
In the liver, ammonia is converted to:
Definition
urea.
Term
Jaundice related to biliary duct obstruction is manifested by which of the following laboratory alterations?
Definition
Increased conjugated bilirubin
Term
Paralytic ileus often occurs after:
Definition
abdominal surgery.
Term
Parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive system results in:
Definition
increased gastric and pancreatic secretions.
Term
Pepsin is necessary for the digestion of which of the following nutrients?
Definition
Proteins
Term
Severe trauma can result in stress ulcers that often first manifest with:
Definition
severe bleeding.
Term
Symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy are caused by increased serum levels of:
Definition
ammonia.
Term
The classic symptoms of a small bowel obstruction are:
Definition
vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and abdominal distension.
Term
The most common cause of chronic gastritis is:
Definition
bacterial infection.
Term
The most common cause of portal hypertension is:
Definition
liver cirrhosis.
Term
The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is:
Definition
alcohol abuse.
Term
The presence of digested dark blood in the stool is called:
Definition
melena.
Term
Which of the following structures prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus?
Definition
Lower esophageal sphincter
Term
Which of the following statements explains why portal hypertension leads to ascites?
Definition
Back-up of blood in the intra-abdominal veins occurs
Term
Which of the following symptoms is associated with hepatic encephalopathy?
Definition
Memory loss and confusion, progressing to coma
Term
Which of the following structures is not part of the small intestine?
Definition
Cecum
Term
Which of the following conditions is a complication of gastrointestinal bleeding?
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia
Term
Which of the following disorders is characterized by night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders?
Definition
Bile salt deficiency
Term
Which of the following disorders is characterized by the inability to digest all nutrients?
Definition
Pancreatic insufficiency
Term
A cystocele commonly results in:
Definition
stress incontinence.
Term
An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord is known as a (an):
Definition
varicocele.
Term
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) results in:
Definition
urethral obstruction.
Term
Causes of secondary amenorrhea other than pregnancy and menopause include which of the following?
Definition
All of the above (pituitary tumors, thyroid disorders, and extreme weight loss).
Term
Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called:
Definition
primary amenorrhea.
Term
Galactorrhea is a disorder of the:
Definition
breast.
Term
Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by:
Definition
sexually transmitted infections.
Term
Polycystic ovarian syndrome usually causes:
Definition
infertility.
Term
Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include:
Definition
obesity, early menarche, and infertility.
Term
Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition known as:
Definition
precocious puberty.
Term
Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to:
Definition
benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Term
The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early childhood development is called:
Definition
cryptorchidism.
Term
The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer?
Definition
Cervical
Term
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to screen for which prostate problem?
Definition
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Term
Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is most commonly caused by:
Definition
sexually transmitted infection.
Term
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge?
Definition
All of the above (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea).
Term
Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer?
Definition
Elevated estrogen
Term
Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a surgical emergency?
Definition
Testicular torsion
Term
Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer?
Definition
All of the above (dimpling of the skin on the breast, enlarged axillary lymph nodes, and abnormal discharge from the nipple).
Term
Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer?
Definition
Older age
Term
A bone breaks in a place where there was pre-existing disease. What type of fracture is being described?
Definition
Pathological
Term
A characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is:
Definition
trigger point pain.
Term
An avulsion occurs when:
Definition
a tendon is torn off its bony attachment.
Term
Ankylosing spondylitis results in:
Definition
vertebral joint fusion.
Term
A torus fracture occurs when:
Definition
the cortex of the bone buckles.
Term
In children, growth in long bones primarily takes place at the:
Definition
epiphyseal plate.
Term
Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to the bone at its origin is called:
Definition
epicondylitis.
Term
In osteomyelitis, the area of necrotic bone at the site of the infection is called the:
Definition
sequestrum.
Term
Myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis) can result in failure of which of the following organs?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
Pain and inflammation associated with gout are caused by crystallization of _____ ______ in the tissues.
Definition
uric acid
Term
Pain in fibromyalgia is attributed to:
Definition
decrease in pain tolerance.
Term
Phase 1 of the bone remodeling cycle involves:
Definition
bone cell activation.
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis results from joint inflammation caused by:
Definition
autoimmune injury.
Term
Risk factors for osteoarthritis include all of the following except:
Definition
low calcium intake.
Term
Severe muscle trauma from crush injuries can result in which of the following complications?
Definition
Rhabdomyolysis
Term
Synovial joint problems in rheumatoid arthritis are due to which of the following pathologies?
Definition
Articular cartilage is lost through enzymatic breakdown.
Term
The best screening test for osteoporosis is:
Definition
a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.
Term
The cause of most cases of endogenous osteomyelitis is (are):
Definition
blood-borne bacteria
Term
The chief pathologic feature of degenerative joint disease is:
Definition
degeneration of articular cartilage.
Term
The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called:
Definition
subluxation.
Term
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called:
Definition
tophaceous gout.
Term
The main energy source or fuel for skeletal muscle contraction is:
Definition
ATP.
Term
The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves:
Definition
abnormal calcium crystallization
Term
The primary manifestation of osteoarthritis is:
Definition
joint pain.
Term
Which cells have the capability of dissolving bone tissue and releasing the stored calcium into the bloodstream?
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
Which molecule prevents a muscle contraction from occurring when the muscle is at rest?
Definition
Troponin
Term
Which muscle delivers the power stroke during the cross-bridge cycle of muscle contraction?
Definition
Myosin
Term
Which of the following fractures involves fragmentation of the articular cartilage and generally occurs in adolescents?
Definition
Transchondral
Term
Which of the following molecules form the crystalline structure of hydroxyapatite?
Definition
Phosphate and calcium
Term
Which of the following pairs of symptoms is likely to manifest following a femoral fracture?
Definition
Pain and swelling in the thigh
Term
Which of the following substances prevent proper bone healing?
Definition
Alcohol and nicotine
Term
Which of the following disorders presents with significant bone demineralization from a vitamin D deficiency and usually results in skeletal pain?
Definition
Osteomalacia
Term
Which of the following ions is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate a muscle contraction?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Which of the following diseases is characterized by osteomalacia in the growing bones of children?
Definition
Rickets
Term
Which of the following disorders in characterized by enlargement and softening of the bones?
Definition
Paget disease
Term
Which of the following measures is most effective for preventing pulmonary emboli in patients who are recovering from a major surgery?
Definition
Ambulate patients frequently to prevent blood clot formation.
Term
An important cause of bacterial persistence resulting in recurring urinary tract infections includes:
Definition
microbial resistance to antibiotics.
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