Term
| Components of pathology of the disease |
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Definition
- etiology- causes
- pathogenesis (stimulus to manifestation)
- morphology- structural changes
- clinical significance- course, outcome, prognosis
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Term
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Definition
| study of basic patterns of cell and tissue responses to injury in all tissues (common disease processes) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of common disease processes as expressed and modified by specific cells in tissues in each organ system and their responses to injurous agents |
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Term
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Definition
| specific ID of disease process based on established set of criteria determined by clinical signs and symptoms, radiologic and lab findings, and cell/tissue damage |
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Term
| when is homeostasis present |
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Definition
| when there is a balance between functional need of organism and ability of cells, tissues, organ metabolism to meet that functional need |
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Term
| Define hypertrophy and causes |
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Definition
- increase in organ size due to:
- increase in cell size
- increase in cell number
organs consisting of post mitotic cells enlarge by cellular hypertrophy (cardiac or skeletal muscle) |
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Term
| Define atrophy and causes |
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Definition
- decrease size of organ due to
- decrease size of individual cells (cellular atrophy)
- decrease in cell number
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of cardiac hypertrophy on myocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of hepatitis B on liver |
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Definition
| cellular hypertrophy of hepatocytes |
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Term
| Example of time when a group of cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- enlargement of prostate (esp. median lobe at the base of bladder) due to hyperplasia of cells leads to obstruction of urethra
- lead to nodular shape of organ
- bladder wall muscles must hypertrophy to overcome resistance to urine flow
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Term
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Definition
| see the muscle stand out from the mucosal lining (ex: bladder muscles in BPH) |
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Term
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Definition
- muscle atrophy (due to denervation)
- brain atrophy (loss of cortical neurons and supporting tissue)
- celiac disease causes atrophy of jejunal villi and microvilli
- caused by immune intolerance to gluten
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Term
| What process is often associated with atrophy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- process where part of ER forms membrane around intracellular proteins to be degraded
- Process
- sequester degraded proteins
- part of membrane from ER encircles protein to make a vacuole
- primary lysosomes fuse with vacuole membrane and disgrage proteosomal enzymes to degrade proteins in vacuole
- leaves a residual body (e dense body)
- contains lipofuscian
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Term
| Appearance of lipofuscian |
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Definition
- stains gold brown (ex: seen in atrophied heart being brown)
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Term
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Definition
| one adult differentiated cell type replaced by another through local effects, usually chronic injury, on progenitor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchial mucosa in PCC change to squamous epithelial cells when exposed to chronic irritation (ex: chronic bronchitis) |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of lipid, predominantly TG's, in cells that dont normally contain fat |
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Term
| Mechanism of fatty change (steatosis) |
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Definition
- increase delivery of free FA's
- diabetes
- alcohol
- malnutrition
- increase fFA's esterfication to TG's
- decreased oxidation of fFA's
- decrease apoprotein synthesis
- alcohol
- toxins
- malnutrition
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Term
| Appearance of fatty change |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe microvesicular fattty change |
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Definition
| small fatty vacuoles with nucleus located in the center of the cell |
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Term
| Describe the appearance of fat accumulation in macrophages |
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Definition
- cholesterol accumulates right below endothelial lining of bv's (within tunica intima)
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Term
| Define fatty infiltration and example |
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Definition
- lipocytes infiltrate into tissues of an organ (the fat is still in cell where it should be)
- associated with aging and hypertrophy
- ex: deposits of fat between cardiac myocytes
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Term
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Definition
- storage form of iron in cell cytoplasm
- appearance
- gold brown granular deposit when exceeding normal storgae capacity in hepatocytes and marrow macrophages
- cause of excess iron
- increase iron absorption from gut due to genetic mutation
- increase catabolism of Hb (Hb is a source of iron)
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Term
| How do we recognize protein deposits on HE stain? Appearance? |
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Definition
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hyaline change (hyaline degeneration)- refers to alteration in cells or EC space that cause homogenous, amorphous, glassy, pink in appearance on HE stain
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Term
| Different forms of hyaline change |
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Definition
- Russel bodies- pink droplets of Ig in plasma cells seen in chronic inflammation/infection
- Mallory bodies/alcoholic hyaline (collapsed intermediate filaments show as pink cytoplasmic inclusions in hepatocytes)
- pink thickening of walls of arterials due to deposition of altered (glycosylated) proteins (ex: arteriosclerosis)
- hyalinized scar tissue (ex: MI) shows as pink, acellular, dense collagen
- amyloidation of pancreatic islet (ex: DM)
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Term
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Definition
- metastatic calcification- due to excess of calcium in ciculation (esp. in lung, kidney that excrete acid)
- these organs have alkaline centers that precipitate calcium salts
- dystrophic calcification- due to precipitation of calcium due to cell necrosis
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Term
| Role of phosphatases in dystrophic calcification |
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Definition
| activated phosphatases bind calcium ions to phospholipids in the membrane |
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