Term
| Where does leukemia develops? |
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Definition
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Term
What are two classes of leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
Where does most leukemias come from one of two common cell ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Myeloid cells of the bone produces? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infection fighting cells of blood |
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Term
| what are the types of WBC? |
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Definition
granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes |
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Term
Where are granulocytes produced?
What types are these?
How much is it in the blood? |
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Definition
Bone Marrow
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2/3 of wbc in blood |
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Term
| What is stroma of bone marrow composed of ? |
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Definition
fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and ECM
mixtures of cells |
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Term
Granulocytes are increased during?
what's the maturation process? |
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Definition
1. increased in bacterial infection
2. increased in myeloid leukemia
Blast cell-> prommyeloctye-> myelocyte-> metamyelocyte-> Band-> segmented Neutrophil |
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Term
What are the types of lymphocyes?
WBCs is approximately what percentage of plama blood?
When is lymphocytes increased? |
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Definition
B cells - antibody production
T cells- fight viral infection
30%
in viral infections and lymphoid leukemia |
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Term
What does monocytes become and involved?
What percentages of WBC in PB? |
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Definition
- tissue macrophages
in phagocytosis
15% |
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Term
What does lymphoid stem cells make? |
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Definition
pre B lymphocytes
pro T lymphocytes |
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Term
| What does myeloid stem cells produced? |
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Definition
erythroblasts
megakaryoblast
myeloblasts
monoblast |
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Term
| What can change the WBC count and % dramatically ? |
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Definition
1. rxn to infection or tissue necrosis
- bacterial, viral, fungal, mycobacterial infections - MI and other conditions leading to cell death and necrosis
2. malignant or benign proliferative bone marrow disorders
3. Bone marrow failure--leukemia, nutrient deficit, space occupying lesions
4. sequestration or peripheral destruction-- splenic hypertrophy(Felty's syndrome) |
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Term
Which of the following cell type is NOT dervived from myeloid stem cells?
A. erythroblast
B. monoblasts
C. megakaryoblasts
D. Lymphocyte |
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Definition
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Term
WHat is leukemia?
What is caner?
Where does cancer begin?
Where does leukemia begin? |
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Definition
a type of cancer
a group of MANY related DZ
in CELLS, the orderly process goes wrong like new cells form when the body does not need them or old cells do not die when they should
- begins in blood cells |
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Term
What is Blast and stem cells?
Where do blood cells mature?
What is peripheral blood? |
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Definition
- immature blood cells
BONE MARROW then move to blood vessels
blood that flows thru the blood vessels and heart |
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Term
| People with leukemia, the Bone marrow produces? |
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Definition
abnormal WBC
At first, leukemia cells fxn almost normally and later in time they may crowd out normal WBCs, RBC and platelets |
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Term
| What is chronic leukemia? acute leukemia? |
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Definition
leukemia had a short course( weeks to just a few months), died quickly
longer course, dying in months or possibly a few years |
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Term
During chronic leukemia, will people with this have symptoms? |
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Definition
may not have any symptoms and slowly gets worse and it cause symptoms as the # of leukemia cells in the blood rises
abnormal blood cells can still do their work |
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Term
| What about acute leukemia? More commen what type of age groups? |
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Definition
- blood cells are very ABNORMAL, and cant carry out their normal work
- abnormal cells increase rapidly and worsens quickly
- more immature blast cells
CHILDREN |
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Term
What characterized acute leukemias? chronic leukemia? |
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Definition
- by the malignant proliferation of immature cells-->BLAST CELLS
- proliferation of more mature cells, although transformation to a more aggressive form is common |
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Term
Where can l lymphogenous leukemia arise? myelongenous leukemia? |
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Definition
Lymphoid cells
hematopoietic cells
- stem cell malignancies - WBC precursor leukemia - RBC precursor leukemia - megakaryocytic precursor leukemia |
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Term
| What changes are seen in both in peripheral blood and bone marrow? |
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Definition
abnormalities in the peripheral blood smear
WBC count
neoplastic WBCs
Secondary decreases in all other formed elements |
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Term
| All leukemia will have bone marrow abnormalities. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
what does decreased rbcs lead to? |
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Definition
complaints of anemia
lethargy and SOB |
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Term
| What does decreased WBCs lead to? |
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Definition
infection such as pneumonia |
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Term
| what does decreased platelets lead to ? |
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Definition
| ease in bruising and bleeding |
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Term
| Burkitt's lymphoma is related to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the symptoms of leukemia |
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Definition
fevers (interferons)
NIGHT SWEATS
feeling weak or tired
HEADACHES
bleeding and bruising easily
pain in bones and joints
swelling or discomfort in the abdomen
swollen lymph nodes
WEIGHT LOSS |
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Term
| What are the age group that are common leukemia? ALL? AML? CLL? CML? |
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Definition
NEWBORNS - 14 yrs
15-39 and 40-60
over 60
40-60 |
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Term
What are the proferation of ALL? characteristics? |
|
Definition
lymphoblasts
anemia
thrombocytopenia
increased WBC
lymphadenopathy/splenopathy
B or T cell
TdT+ |
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Term
| what are the proliferation of AML? characteristics? |
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Definition
MYELOBLASTS
anemia
thrombopenia
increased WBC
myeloid, monocytes, RBC or megakaryocytic |
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Term
| what are the proliferation of CML? characteristics? |
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Definition
1 of myeloproliferative DZ
mature granulocytes
anemia
spenomegaly
Philadelphia chromosomes |
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Term
What are the characteristics of CML? |
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Definition
long chronic phase
blast crisis
hydroxyurea, interferons
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION |
|
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Term
|
Definition
marrow becomes fibrotic
extramedullary hematopoiesis
dry tap
teardrop RBC
myeloproliferative, toxin, infection |
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Term
| What is the proliferation of CLL? characteristics? |
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Definition
small mature B lymphocytes
lymphadenopathy
may have Ab production and AIHA
50% 5 year survival |
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Term
| Where does leukemia typically orginate from |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is specific to CML and distinguishes it from the other types of Leukemia?
a. philadelphia chromosome
b. anemia
c. splenomegaly
d. increased WBC count |
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Definition
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Term
What is multiple myeloma? |
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Definition
Neoplasm of plasma cells
monoclonal protein in serum proteinuria Benee-jones
renal failure |
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Term
patients younger than 30 years old, nodal enlargement is usually benign DZ or malignant DZ? > 30 years old |
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Definition
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Term
| What does painful nodes imply? localized? generalized? |
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Definition
inflammation
drain sites of infection
anterior cervical nodes and inguinal nodes
SLE |
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Term
| WHat does painless nodes imply? localized? generalized? |
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Definition
malignancy
axillary nodes in breast cancer
hodgkin's lymphoma
metastasis in leumkemia
follicular B cell lymphoma |
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Term
What is infectious mononucleosis? symptoms? |
|
Definition
acute infection with EBV
adolescent, young adult
fever,sore throat, splenomegaly fatigue
heterophile antibodies
self limited |
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Term
what are types of lymphomas? |
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Definition
hodgkin's DZ
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
is nodal based malignant proliferations of lymphoid cells |
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Term
|
Definition
proliferation of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
small lymphoid cells with/out abundant cytoplasms
may tranform to large cell lymphoma
medium survival of 8 yrs |
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Term
| what is Hodgkin lymphoma? |
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Definition
related to EBV
Reed sternberg cell
starts in a single lymph node or single chain of nodes
large painless lymph nodes ( neck)
fever , malaise, night sweats
GOOD KIND
TX: external radiation alone or with combo chemo |
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Term
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Definition
BAD ONE
less responsive to TX |
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Term
| What happens in Hodgkin lymphoma? |
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Definition
nodular lymphocyte predominant
nodular sclerosis
mixed cellurity
lymphocyte depleted |
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Term
What are the finding in acute leukemia?
ANT |
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Definition
anemia, neurtopenia, thrombocytopenia
fever bleeding fatigue
Immature white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the findings in Chronic leukemia? |
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Definition
insidious onset
hepatosplenomegaly
generalized lymphadenopathy |
|
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Term
what are the two types of premalignant conditions? |
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Definition
myeloproliferative syndromes( MPS)
myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) |
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Term
| What are The clinical features of leukemia? |
|
Definition
anemia
fever
bleeding tendency
tender bones
lymphadenopathy
spleenomegaly |
|
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Term
|
Definition
tumors of lymphoid tissue
lymphadenopathy
fever
Hodgikins
non hodgkins
burkitt |
|
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Term
| what is burkitt lymphoma? |
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Definition
very aggressive tumor of mature B cells that arise at extranodal sites is uniformaly associatied with translocation
involving the c-MYC protooncogene
EBV |
|
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Term
|
Definition
PAINLESS
increase in eosinophils
Reed sternberg cells-B lymphocytes |
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Term
| What is non hodgkins lymphoma |
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Definition
NO RS cells or eosinophil
large group of different lymphomas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
lytic bone lesions
old age
malignancy of plasma cells- B lymphocytes
marked antibody production - monoclonal
hyper gamma globulinemia-- BLINDNESS
immunodefeiciency |
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Term
| What is HEMOPHILIA? A? B? |
|
Definition
- is deficiency of factor 8-- blood transfusion
- deficiency of factor 9
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Term
| What is autoimmune thrombocytopenic Purpura? diagnosed? interventions include? |
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Definition
large ecchymosis or petechial rash on arms, legs, upper chest, and neck
by decreased platelet count and large numbers of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
therapy to prevent bleediing
drug therapy to suppress immune fx
blood replacement therapy
splenectomy |
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|
Term
what is thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura TPP |
|
Definition
- rare disorder
- platelets clump together abnormally in the capillaries
- in appropriate clotting, yet blood fails to clot properly when trauma occurs
- plasma pheresis, infusion of FFP
-aspirin, alprostadil, plicamycin
immunosuppressive therapy |
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