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| arises from mesenchymal tissue, named by cell component of tumor, malignant |
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| epithelial cells, named by type of epithelium, malignant |
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| arising from both epithelial and mescenchymal tissues; eg fibroadenoma, teratoma |
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| melanocytes, HIGHLY MALIGNANT |
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| mass of mature disorganized issue related to an organ; not a tumor |
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| Are benign tumors differentiated? |
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Definition
| they are histologically differentiated and functionally differentiated |
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| Are malignant tumors differentiated? |
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| Can be differentiated or not histologically or functionally |
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| no morphologic resemblance to normal tissue; found in some malignant tumors |
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| gains new function of making ACTH |
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| new function of making acid phosphatase |
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| What are the cell features of malignancy (5)? |
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Definition
| pleomorphism, giant cells, loss of normal orientation, nuclei, mitosis |
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| What is unique in nuclei of malignant cells? |
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Definition
| high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, variable size and shape, hyperchromic, increased DNA, coarse clumped chromatin, prominent nucleoli |
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| malignant, differentiated |
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| malignant, differentiated |
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| How is the rate of growth of benign tumors? |
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Definition
| slowly over several years |
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| stimulates growth of new capillaries |
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| What is the rate of growth of malignant tumors? |
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| rapidly, growth rate correlates with degree of malignancy |
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| Clinical assesment of rate of growth |
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Definition
| change in size of mass in serial examination |
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| microscopic assessment of rate of growth |
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| number of mitotic figures, appearance of nuclei |
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| Do malignant tumors develop capsules? |
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| never, they infiltrate and destroy tissue around |
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| transfer of malignant cells from one site to another, most important difference from benign tumors, major cause of death |
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| What is the most important difference between benign and malignant tumors, and is also the major cause of death? |
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| skin, does not metastasize |
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| Malignant tumors of the brain |
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| may penetrate wall and re-implant in distant sites in peritoneal cavity |
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| cells carried by CSF re-implant on meningeal surface of brain and spinal cord |
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| What is the most common route of metasis for carcinomas? |
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Definition
| lymphatics; 1st regional lymph, distal lymph and finally thoracic duct to blood |
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| What is the most common route of sarcomas? |
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Definition
| hematogenous spread (blood) |
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Definition
| degree of cell differentiation; number of mitoses |
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| detects stage of caner; helps in selection of best therapy |
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| graded numerically; I, II III, IV in order of increasing anaplasia |
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| graded descriptively; low, intermediate, or high grade; Malignancy |
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| T=size of lesion; N=extent of regional spread to lymph node; M = presence or absence of distant metastases |
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| infiltrating adjacent structures |
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| occupation, social habits, diet |
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| gastric carcinoma due to comsumption of raw and smoked fish |
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| more common between 55-75 years |
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| Common types of cancers in children |
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Definition
| acute leukemia, Wilm's tumor, Yolk sac tumor of testes |
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Definition
| cancer is more common in males due to more exposure to carcinogens |
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| Which are more common in females? |
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Definition
| Breast and thyroid cancer |
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Definition
| some tumors have higher incidences among close relative of cancer patients, or genetically inherited |
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| genetically inherited cancer |
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| genetically inherited cancer |
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| UVR; squamous cell carcinoma of skin |
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| lung cancer, osteosarcoma of the bone |
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| lung cancer; found in smoking |
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| DNA; carcinoma of vuvla, vagina and cervix, penis |
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| hepatocellular carcinoma; DNA |
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| Human T cell leukemia virus |
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Definition
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| kaposi sarcoma, B cell lymphoma |
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| found in bone marrow, infects t helper cell |
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| in lymph node, t helper cells |
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Definition
| given to pregnant mothers; causes adenocarcinoma of vagina of their daughters |
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| contraceptives containing estrogen |
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| exposure to carcinogens causes activation into cancer-causing oncogenes |
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| cancer suppressor gene; genes that normally supress tissue proliferation |
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| hormone production by tumors of endocrine |
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Definition
| progressive loss of weight and profound weakness |
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Definition
| activated macrophages, causes depletion of fat depot |
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| Oat cell carcinoma of lung |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in lung cancer |
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Definition
| clubbing of fingers, subperiosteal bone deposition and arthritis |
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Definition
| condensed, inactivated X chromosome |
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Definition
| cell with abnormal number of chromosomes either with one less or one extra choromosome |
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Definition
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| Which trisomy is associated with horse-shoe kidney |
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Definition
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| What do all of the trisomy's have in common? |
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Definition
| mental retardation, congenital heart disease, simian crease? |
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Term
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Definition
| Cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome |
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| Why is it called cri du chat? |
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Definition
| small larynx makes a baby's cry sound like a cats cry |
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| Which one of the aneuploidy of autosomes is the prognosis longer than one year living? |
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Definition
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| What are the clinical signs of Klinefelter's? |
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Definition
| male, but no secondary characteristics, finds Barr bodies in cells, Azospermia, Low testosterone |
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Definition
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| What are the symptoms of Turner's syndrome? |
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Definition
| rudimentary overies, sterility, amenorrhea, coarctation of aorta, short, broad chest, pigmented nevi, lymphedema of neck |
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| Diagnosis of Turner's syndrome |
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Definition
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Definition
| associated with marfan's syndrome (it does not make this) |
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| Marfan's syndrome symptoms |
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Definition
| elongated head, tall, long fingers, hyperextensibility, kyphosis, scoliosis, severe myopia, aneurysm, heart failure (valves) |
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Definition
| von Recklinghausen Disease |
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Definition
| tumors, cafe au lait along course of nerve, hypertension, scoliosis, kyphosis, bone cysts |
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Term
| What are other tumors that are associated with neurofibromatosis? |
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Definition
| acoustic neuroma, meningioma, pheochromocytoma |
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Term
| Which autosomal dominant disorder is most common? |
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Definition
| familial hypercholesterolemia |
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| Cause of familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Definition
| mutation of gene that codes for formation of surface receptors for LDLs |
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Term
| Which diesease are autosomal dominant? |
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Definition
| marfans syndrome, neurofibromatosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, huntington's chorea, osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, ehler's danlos syndrome |
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| Which disease are autosomal recessive? |
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Definition
| albinism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, lysosomal storage disease, glycogen storage disease, cystic fibrosis |
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Definition
absence of tyrosinase
decreases the formation of DOPA, which in turn impairs melanin synthesis |
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Definition
| deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase; this causes build up of homogentisic acid in connective tissue |
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| Lysosomal storage disease cause |
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Definition
| deficiency of lysosomal enzymes; storage of lipids |
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Term
| What are the three types of lysosomal storage diseases? |
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Definition
| Tay-Sach's, Gaucher's, and Neimamm-Pick's |
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Term
| What is the most common lethal genetic disorder in USa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
| mucous glands secrete viscid secretion and obstruct lumens of organs |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for a person with cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
| death by age of 20 years old (lung infection) |
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Term
| X linked dominant disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| X linked recessive disorders (4) |
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Definition
| Brouton's agammaglobulinemia, Glucose-6-Phospate dehydrogenase deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, duchenne muscular dystrophy |
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Term
| Gaucher's disease is deficient in what enzyme? |
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Definition
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| Neimann-Picks disease is deficient in what enzyme? |
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Definition
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| Tay-Sachs is deficient in what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accumulates with tay-sachs disease? |
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Definition
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| What accumulates with Gaucher's disease? |
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Definition
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| What accumulates with Neimann-Picks disease? |
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Definition
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