Term
| *disease caused by single-gene defect is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 transmission patterns of single-gene disorders (mendelian)? |
|
Definition
1-.Autosomal Dominant
2-autosomal recessive
3-sex linked (x-linked) |
|
|
Term
| `the majority of autosomal dominate disorders create ? changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of mendelian disorder usually has a delayed age of onset? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominate disorders |
|
|
Term
| `in autosomal dominate disorders, how many parents are usually affected 1?, and what gender(s) can transmit the mutant gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `in what type of mendelian disorder will approximately half of the offspring will have the disease if only one parent is affected ? |
|
Definition
| autosomal dominate disorders |
|
|
Term
| in autosomal dominate disorders, if only one parent is affected how many kids will have the disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a person has a mutant gene but does not express it phenotypically is called?* |
|
Definition
| reduced or incomplete penetrance* |
|
|
Term
| a trait is seen phenotypically in the individuals having the mutant gene but is expressed differently among individuals is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affected individuals may not have affected parents bc their disease arose from a new mutation is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recessive implies that the trait is expressed only if ? at a given locus are affected` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what implies that the trait is expressed only if both genes at a given locus are affected (homozygous)?` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *in what type of mendelian disorder do the parents of an affected individual usually do not show the disease? |
|
Definition
| autosomal recessive disorder |
|
|
Term
| *when heterozygous autosomal recessive carrier parents have kids the chance of kid having the disease is 1? and the chance of being a carrier is 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autosomal recessive disorder is developed bc kid receives ? |
|
Definition
| 2 germline mutations (one from each parent) |
|
|
Term
| *autosomal recessive disorder age of onset is usually ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *what type of mendelian disorder usually has a early age of onset? |
|
Definition
| autosomal recessive disorder |
|
|
Term
| *what type of mendelian disorder usually has expression of the defect more uniform and complete penetrance? |
|
Definition
| autosomal recessive disorder |
|
|
Term
| autosomal recessive disorder penetrance is usually?* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *sixteen days after conception, all but one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in all the cells w/in the zygote resulting in formation of a barr body is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *In Lyonization, 1? X chromosomes in the nucleus is randomly 2? in each cell w/in the zygote. this results in formation of a ?3 |
|
Definition
1-all but one
2-inactivated
3-barr body |
|
|
Term
| *what process ?1 will have which parent's X chromosome may be inactivated in each cell ?2, and then that particular X will be inactivated in all the progeny cells |
|
Definition
1-Lyonization
2-either maternal or paternal |
|
|
Term
| *bc of lionization, normal females cells have a ? |
|
Definition
| mixture of 2 cell types: active paternal X and active maternal X |
|
|
Term
| inactivation of an abnormally high percentage of normal X chromosomes is called 1? and it can lead to 2? |
|
Definition
1-unfavorable lionization
2- disease expression in heterozygote female |
|
|
Term
| diseases caused by mutations in structural proteins are (2)?* |
|
Definition
1-marfan syndrome
2-Elhers Danlos syndrome* |
|
|
Term
| *how many types of Elhers Danlos syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Elhers Danlos syndrome is a problem of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many different types of collagen ?1 and this is the reason for many types of what disease?2 |
|
Definition
1-30
2-Elhers Danlos syndrome |
|
|
Term
| *Elhers Danlos syndrome has: 1? skin, 2? joints, 3? is fragile, 4? is delayed, rupture of 5?, large 6?, and pt usually gets 7? |
|
Definition
1-hyperextensible
2-hypermobile
3-skin
4-wound healing
5-colon
6-arteries
7-hernias |
|
|
Term
| *a normal chromosomal count is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *an increased chromosome count that is a multiple of the normal is called 1? and results in 2? |
|
Definition
polyploidy
2- spontaneous abortion |
|
|
Term
| *any number that is not an exact multiple of the normal chromosome count is called 1?. examples: an extra chromosome is called 2?, an absence of a chromosome is called?3 |
|
Definition
aneuploidy
2-trisomy
3-monosomy |
|
|
Term
| *numeric abnormalities are part of ? disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *trisomy 21 is a 1? disorder involving 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *what is the most common chromosomal disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *trisomy 21 is associated w ?1. meaning mothers who are 2? have a 3? chance of having their baby get down syndrome |
|
Definition
1- advanced maternal age
2-45+ years old
3- 1:25 |
|
|
Term
| *trisomy 21 is due to 1? of chromosome 21 during formation of the 2? |
|
Definition
1-meiotic non-disjunction
2-ovum |
|
|
Term
| *pt w trisomy 21 has mental retardation, 1? folds, 2? facial profile, 3? malformations, increase 4? (& give an example), large 5?, and increased prevalence of 6? |
|
Definition
1-epicanthic
2-flat
3-cardiac
4-infection (periodontitis)
5-tongue
6-acute leukemia |
|
|
Term
| indications for genetic analysis postnatally are? (6) |
|
Definition
1-multiple congenital anomalies
2-unexplained mental retardation &/or developmental delay
3-suspected aneuploidy (downs)
4-suspected sex chromosomal abnormality
5-inferility
6-multiple spontaneous abortions |
|
|
Term
| *non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis are ? (3) |
|
Definition
1- age
2-gender (males)
3-genetics (family history) |
|
|
Term
| *in atherosclerotic plaques, a fibrous cap made of smooth muscle cells (myofibroblasts) and collagen form over a 1? with 2? |
|
Definition
1- central core of lipid/cellular debris
2-cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| some fatty streaks can progress into ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to supply the metabolic requirements of the organs is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an increase in the size of the heart muscle fibers leads to increase in thickness of ventricle wall is called?1 and happens because of 2? |
|
Definition
myocardial hypertrophy*
2- congestive heart failure* |
|
|
Term
| myocardial hypertrophy* helps initially, but the larger muscle fibers require ?1 from 2? which is 3? |
|
Definition
1-more oxygen
2-capiliaries
3-not available |
|
|
Term
| three compensatory mechanisms for CHF are? (3) |
|
Definition
1-myocardial hypertrophy*
2-ventricular dilation (frank-starling)
3-physiologic mechs (neurohumurol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-ischemic heart disease
2-hypertension
3-myocarditis
4-cardiomyopathy
5-valvular disease |
|
|
Term
| right ventricular failure leads to other clinical manifestations such as ? |
|
Definition
| congestion of liver & spleen (nutmeg pattern) |
|
|
Term
| congenital heart disease, what type is it when the aorta and the pulmonary artery are connected,? this usually closes a few days after birth. |
|
Definition
| patent ductus arteriousus |
|
|
Term
| *tetralogy of fallot is a type of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *tetralogy of fallot includes 4 anomalies, which are? |
|
Definition
1-*ventricular septal defect
2-narrowing of right ventricular outflow
3-overriding aorta over the R. vent. outflow (aorta gets unoxygenated blood)
4-right ventricular hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| congenital heart disease, what type is it when the right ventricle empties into the aorta & the L. vent. empties into the pulmonary artery? |
|
Definition
| transposition of the great arteries |
|
|
Term
| disorder caused by an imbalance btwn myocardial blood supply & myocardial oxygen demand is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ischemic heart disease is 90% caused by ? |
|
Definition
| coronary artery atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| the 4 presentations of ischemic heart disease are ? |
|
Definition
1-angia pectoris
2-acute myocardial infection
3-chronic ischemic heart disease
4-sudden cardiac death |
|
|
Term
| acute MI is caused by ?1 from 2? |
|
Definition
1-necrosis of cardiac muscle
2-ischemia |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic tests for acute MI include: 1? changes, and elevation of 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *a pt w elevated serum enzymes such as creatine kinase CK-MB & troponin T & I would be diagnosed with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a pt w Acute MI, you would see elevation of what serum enzymes?* (2). these are derived from 3?* |
|
Definition
1-creatine kinase - CK-MB
2-troponin - T & I
3-necrotic myocytes |
|
|
Term
| pathology of Acute MI is : 1? necrosis aftr a hrs, then 2? infiltration in days, then 3? in 1 week, then 4? formation in weeks-months |
|
Definition
1-coagulation
2-PMNs
3-granulation tissue
4-scar formation |
|
|
Term
| what is the sudden onset of ischemia-induced cardiac arrhythmia w/ or w/o myocardial necrosis (MI)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sudden cardiac death is an ischemia-induced cardiac arrhythmia w/ or w/o ? |
|
Definition
| myocardial necrosis (MI)* |
|
|
Term
| the 3 types of cardiomyopathy are ? |
|
Definition
1-dilated
2-hypertrophic
3-restrictive |
|
|
Term
| a primary & genetic cardiomyopathy is ? |
|
Definition
| `Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| `Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is from a ? in one of several sarcomeric gene loci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inherited as what type of transmission pattern ?1, with what type of expression 2? |
|
Definition
1-autosomal dominant
2-variable |
|
|
Term
| `a pt w Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, has spontaneous 1? hypertrophy which is greater in the 2? than the 3?, and often obstructs the 4? |
|
Definition
1-`asymmetric
2-interventricular septum
3-left ventricular free wall
4-left ventricular outflow tract |
|
|
Term
| disarray of cardiac myocytes is a histologic feature of what disease? |
|
Definition
| `Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| the failure of a valve to open completely is called ? this obstructs forward flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the failure of a valve to close completely is called? this allows back flow of blood |
|
Definition
| insufficiency (regurgitation) |
|
|
Term
| `in aortic valve stenosis, 1? and 2? reduce the valve cusp mobility? |
|
Definition
1-fibrosis
2-calcification |
|
|
Term
| `aortic valve stenosis can be due to what 3 factors? |
|
Definition
1-`chronic rheumatic valvular disease
2-65+yrs old
3-congenital malformation |
|
|
Term
| `chronic rheumatic valvular disease can cause ?1. in these cases the 2? is almost always 3? |
|
Definition
1-`aortic valve stenosis
2-mitral valve
3-stenotic |
|
|
Term
| congenital malformation of bicuspid aortic valve are predisposed to 1? at age 2? which can lead to 3? |
|
Definition
1-fibrosis/calcification
2- 40
3-`aortic valve stenosis |
|
|
Term
| `in acute endocarditis has ? duration, 2? organisms such as 3?, 4? vegetations, previously 5? valve, 6? tissue destruction |
|
Definition
1-short
2-virulent
3-staphylococcus aureus
4-large friable
5-normal
6-prominent |
|
|
Term
| `in subacute endocarditis has ? duration, 2? organisms such as 3?, 4? vegetations, previously 5? valve, 6? tissue destruction |
|
Definition
1-longer
2-low virulence
3-streptococcus viridans
4-small
5-abnormal
6-less |
|
|
Term
| `giant cell arteritis is what type of classification of vasculitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `giant cell arteritis involves what vessel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a pt has weight loss, fever, headache, visual problems (blindness), claudication of jaw, polymyalgia rheumatica and is over 50yrs. they are diagnosed w ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease causes granulomatous inflammation, intimal proliferation and fibrosis in older pts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `in giant cell arteritis, 1? happens in giant cells, and causes 2?. eventually causes 3? of vessel lumen, with decreased blood flow to affected tissues. |
|
Definition
1-granulomatous inflammation
2-fibrosis`
3-narrowing |
|
|
Term
| what disease causes granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis involving the aortic arch and the arch branches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell anemia is what category and 2?vascular hemolysis |
|
Definition
1-decreased red cell survival
2- extra |
|
|
Term
| abnormal hemoglobin such as sickle cell anemia is an inherited 1? defect in the structure of glob in chain causes hemoglobin to gel upon 2? |
|
Definition
1-autosomal codominant
2- deoxygenation |
|
|
Term
| abnormal hemoglobin such as sickle cell anemia is caused by the specific defect of 1? in DNA that causes a 2? at position 6 in the beta chain of globin |
|
Definition
1-single base pair substitution
2-single amino acid substitution (valine for glutamic acid) |
|
|
Term
| under ?1 conditions, the abnormal hemoglobin 2? causing rbc to assume sickle shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example RBC defect that lacks glob in chains is ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `thalassemia is is what category and 2?vascular hemolysis? |
|
Definition
1-decreased red cell survival
2- extra |
|
|
Term
| `thalassemia is an inherited autosomal codominate defect that results in diminished or absent synthesis of ? |
|
Definition
| alpha or beta `globin chains of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| in diminished or absent synthesis of alpha or beta `globin chains of hemoglobin is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `thalassemia results in decreased 1? production and 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `thalassemia can cause premature destruction of ?1 in the 2? |
|
Definition
1-RBC precursors
2-marrow & spleen |
|
|
Term
| `hemolytic transfusion rxn happens via ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in `hemolytic transfusion rxn, transfusion of incompatible RBCs into a sensitized pt results in binding of 1? in pt to 2? with activation of complement which causes 3? |
|
Definition
1-antibody
2-antigen (transfused RBC)
3-immediate intravascular hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| `vitamin B12 & folate deficiency causes ? anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `vitamin B12 & folate are involved in the synthesis of 1?, one of the 2? bases in 3?. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `megaloblastic anemia, the impaired DNA synthesis cues delay in 1?, which causes increase in 2?. the end result is 3? red cell precursors (megaloblasts), 4? of mature RBCs, 5? red cells (macrocytes) |
|
Definition
1-mitotic division
2-nuclear size
3-abnormally lard
4-decreased production
5-`abnormally large |
|
|
Term
| `abnormally large red cells (macrocytes) happen in what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `in megaloblastic anemia, megaloblasts accumulate in 1?, releasing 2? RBCs into peripheral blood -> causing 3? |
|
Definition
1-bone marrow
2-too few
3-anemia |
|
|
Term
| decreased production of all cellular elements of the blood is called? |
|
Definition
| aplastic anemia / pancytopenia |
|
|
Term
| `Bone marrow transplantations has been successful, especially in pts less than 40yrs in what disease? |
|
Definition
| aplastic anemia / pancytopenia |
|
|
Term
| an increase in red cell mass is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimuli which increase erythropoietin can produce ? |
|
Definition
| secondary absolute polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| what occurs when a non-regulated (neoplastic) proliferation of red cells and myeloid cells happens? this is called 2? |
|
Definition
` primary absolute polycythemia
2-polycythemia vera |
|
|
Term
| a stem cell disorder associated w normal or low levels of erythropoietin is called? |
|
Definition
` primary absolute polycythemia
/polycythemia vera |
|
|
Term
| ` primary absolute polycythemia is a stem cell disorder associated w normal or ? |
|
Definition
| `low levels of erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| neurologic and visual abnormalities due to sliding of red cells in capillaries happens from what disorder? |
|
Definition
` primary absolute polycythemia
/polycythemia vera |
|
|
Term
| maligant proliferations of cells native to lymphoid tissue are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maligant proliferations of cells native to the bone marrow which often spill over into the blood is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hodgkin lymphoma is characteristics of the presence of 1? with 2? |
|
Definition
1-reed-sternberg cells
2-inflammatory infiltrate |
|
|
Term
| what disease arises in a single lymph node or chain of nodes, is common in young adults (30yrs), and pt usually has fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a large neoplastic cell that has a mirror image nuclei and prominent nucleoli is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in hodgkin lymphoma, choice of therapy and `prognosis are based on ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease has multiple node involvement, frequent extra nodal spread, peripheral blood involvement and effects all ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in Non-hodgkin lymphoma, the major cells is 1? and remainder cells are of 2? origin |
|
Definition
1-clonal neoplasms of B lymphocytes
2-T-cell origin |
|
|
Term
| `acute lymphocytic leukemia is most frequent in ? yrs old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ` most frequent type leukemia in children >15yrs and is the principal cause of childhood deaths is ? |
|
Definition
| `acute lymphocytic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| `Auer rods are found in what disease? |
|
Definition
| acute myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
Term
| what are the cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloid cells that are in a disease that the proliferating cell is a primitive myeloid cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute myelogenous leukemia has cytoplasmic inclusion/granulations called ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute myelogenous leukemia is common in age ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia is common in ? yrs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the proliferating cell in Chronic myelogenous leukemia is ? |
|
Definition
| immature hematopoietic cell (stem cell) |
|
|
Term
| `philadelphia chromosome occurs in all the proliferating cells of what disease? |
|
Definition
| Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
Term
| `philadelphia chromosome abnormality results in 1? of the 2? genes, which mimic the effects of 3?, causing 4?. this happens in what disease?5 |
|
Definition
1-fusion
2-BCR-ABL
3-growth factor activation
4-proliferation of CML
5-Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
Term
| in multiple myeloma, the proliferating cell is ?1 that produces 2? |
|
Definition
plasma cell
2-imunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
| in multiple myeloma, the immunoglobulin typically produces is 1? or less often 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `in some pts w what disease, complete monoclonal immunoglobulin is present as well as excess light chains,? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `in multiple myeloma, some pts have complete ? as well as excess light chains? |
|
Definition
| ` complete monoclonal immunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
| destructive bone lesions is characteristic of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `diagnosis multiple myeloma by documenting 1? and 2? |
|
Definition
1-monoclonal protein
2-skeletal lesions |
|
|
Term
| `a pt has monoclonal protein less than 3 and skeletal lesion, the diagnosis is ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `vWF mediates the 1? of 2? to the 3? |
|
Definition
1-adherence
2-platelets
3-subendothelial collagen |
|
|
Term
| `on platelets, the ? binds to vWF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `what allows the plateles to bind to sub endothelial collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets are activated by ?1, then there is a release of 2nd messengers that lead to a 2? for platelets, and contraction of platelets mediated thru 3? |
|
Definition
1-vWF
2-shape change
3- actin fibers |
|
|
Term
| fibrin monomers in the fibrin clot are made more stable by 1? by 2? |
|
Definition
1-covalent crosslinking
2-factor XIII |
|
|
Term
| `intrinsic pathway first step is activation of 1? by 2? |
|
Definition
1-`factor XII
2-kallikrein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `intrinsic pathway second step is activation of 1? by 2? |
|
Definition
1-`factor XI
2-factor XIIa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `intrinsic pathway third step is activation of 1? by 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extrinsic pathway activates ?1 by ?2 |
|
Definition
1-factor VIII
2-tissue factor |
|
|
Term
| `common pathway activates 1? by 2? or 3?, then conversion of 4? to 5? by 6?, the conversion of 7? to 8? by 9? |
|
Definition
1- `factor Xa
2-IXa
3-VIIa
4-`prothrombin (II)
5-thrombin (IIa)
6-Xa
7-`fibrogen (I)
8-fibrin (IIa)
9-IIa |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits the activity of thrombin and other serine proteases (factors 9a-12a) of the coagulation cascade by forming an inactive enzyme-inhibitor complex ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `antithrombins inhibits the activity of thrombin and factors ?1 (4) of the coagulation cascade by 2? |
|
Definition
1- 9-12a (IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa)
2-forming an inactive enzyme-inhibitor complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| `therapeutic anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| `in the presence of heparin 1? becomes activated and forms a complex with 2?, which leads to 2? not participating in making fibrin monomers |
|
Definition
1-`antithrombin III
2-thrombin |
|
|
Term
| `antithrombin III gets activated when ? is around, and forms a complex w thrombin, inhibiting it in the generation of fibrin monomers (clot) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `Partial thromboplastin time is a measurement of the time needed for plasma to form a clot in the presence of added 1? ( to activate 2?), cephalin, & Ca+2. |
|
Definition
1-`ground glass or kaolin
2-contact-dependent factor XII |
|
|
Term
| `ground glass or kaolin is added in 1? test to determine 2? |
|
Definition
1-Partial thromboplastin time
2-time needed for plasma to form clot |
|
|
Term
| `Partial thromboplastin time(PTT) test screens for ? |
|
Definition
| activity of proteins in the `intrinsic coagulation cascade |
|
|
Term
| `intrinsic coagulation cascade protein activity is screen for using what test? |
|
Definition
| `Partial thromboplastin time(PTT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `platelet function is screen for using what test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `causes of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) are ? |
|
Definition
1-`gram negative sepsis
2-`burn (tissue injury)
3-`obstetrical complications
4-venomous snake bite |
|
|
Term
| what disorder results from the uncontrolled activation of the hemostatic system, formation of both thrombin and plasmin? |
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia B is deficient in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemophilia A is deficient in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, due to decreased glomerular filtration rate is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| association of azotemia w clinical signs & symptoms is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `what results from glomerular injury and is characterized by acute onset of hematuria? |
|
Definition
| `acute nephritic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| `acute nephritic syndrome is characterized by ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease can cause an Aneurysms in the circle of willis? |
|
Definition
| autosomal dominante polycystic congenital cystic renal disease |
|
|
Term
| nephritic syndrome that occurs has a hematuria after an non-specific upper respiratory tract viral infection is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `IgA nephropathy is a 1? syndrome and its pathology is 2? deposition of 2? |
|
Definition
1-nephritic
2-`mesangial
3-`immune complexes |
|
|
Term
| `mesangial deposition of immune complexes contain 1? and proliferation of 2? and 3? is in what disease?4 |
|
Definition
1-IgA
2-mesangial
3-endothelial cells
4-`IgA nephropathy Nephritic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| `what disease is reversible over a period of weeks as the damaged tubular epithelium regenerates? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| `acute tubular necrosis is 1? as the damaged 2? |
|
Definition
1-reversible
2-tubular epithelium regenerates |
|
|
Term
| arterionephrosclerosis is anarrowing of the lumens of arterioles and arteries caused by ? type of arteriolosclerosis and fibroblastic hyperplasia of muscular arteries |
|
Definition
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Term
| in arterionephrosclerosis associated w malignant hypertension, arterioles show 1? which reduces blood flow and causes 2? |
|
Definition
1-`hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
2-necrosis of glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| `hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis in arterioles educes blood flow and causes necrosis of glomeruli is seen in what disease? |
|
Definition
| arterionephrosclerosis associated w malignant hypertension |
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Term
| thrombotic microangiopathies like hemolytic-uremic syndrome is from 1? cell injury, due to 2? from 3?. the injury leads to 4? |
|
Definition
1-endothelial
2-`shiga-toxin
3-`E.coli
4-platelet activation |
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|
Term
| `shiga-toxin from E.coli (reason for ground beef recalls) can cause what disease? |
|
Definition
| thrombotic microangiopathies like hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
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|
Term
| `small stones my migrate into the 1? and produce 2?. these are called 3? |
|
Definition
1-`ureters
2-`intense flank pain
3-urolithiasis |
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|
Term
| `renal cell carcinoma tumors arise from 1?. most common histologic subtype is 2? |
|
Definition
1-tubular epithelium
2-`clear cell carcinoma |
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|
Term
| `clear cell carcinoma is a common subtype for ? |
|
Definition
| renal cell carcinoma tumors |
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|
Term
| `Wilm's tumor occurs in ?yrs old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| `Wilm's tumor clinical sign is a 1?. pathology is a 2? w 3? resembling primitive tubules or glomeruli, 4? and 5? |
|
Definition
1-`abdominal mass
2- `triphasic pattern
3-`epithelial structures
4-`stroma
5-`blastema |
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|
Term
| `what disease has a triphasic pattern with epithelial structures ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| `Wilm's tumor has triphasic pattern with epithelial structures resembling 1? and 2? |
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Definition
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