Term
| What is the difference between an organic and a function disease? |
|
Definition
| Organic is associated with structural changes whereas functional is associated with the disturbance of the bodys function |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury. |
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Term
| What are the stages of Inflammation? |
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Definition
1-Capillary dilation & increase BF
2-increased capillary permeability
3-attraction of leukocytes
4-systemis response |
|
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Term
| What are the cell mediators involved in inflammation? |
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Definition
Mast cells, prostagadins, leukotineses, bradykinins and the complement in blood.
these are released when tissue damage occurs to signal the inflammation process to begin |
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Term
|
Definition
| an innflammation of lymph vessels draining a site of infection |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an inflammation of lymph nodes draining a site |
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Term
| What is an atopic person? |
|
Definition
| someone who is prone to allergies |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the size of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal maturation of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the number of cells |
|
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Term
| What causes Toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| toxoplasma gondii (Parasite) |
|
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Term
| What causes Cryptosporidasis? |
|
Definition
cryptosporidum parvum
infects the intestinal tract causing dirrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is Pneumocystic Pneumonia? |
|
Definition
caused by pneumocystic carnii
only causes pneumonia is immunocompromised people |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the absence of a chromosome in a cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the presence of an extra chromosome |
|
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Term
| Explain Turner's Syndrome |
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Definition
| it is the absence of one X chromosome in females, and results in a decreased mental intellect and looks female, is also sterile |
|
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Term
| Explain Triple X Syndrome |
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Definition
| It is when a female has an extra X chromosome and looks and is female |
|
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Term
| Explain Kleinfelters Syndrome |
|
Definition
| It is when a male has an extra X chromosome, results in a sterile male and a decreased intellect |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a male has an extra Y chromosome, usually mentall retarded |
|
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Term
| What is Fragile X Syndrome? |
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Definition
| it is associated with the abnormality of the X chromosome, usually mentally retarded |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(New growth)
is an overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose |
|
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Term
| How do you name a benign tumor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you name a malignant tumor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Polyps/Papillomas? |
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Definition
| benign tumor or stalk arising from an epithelial surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a malingant tumor arising from a surface, glandular or parenchymal epithelium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor arising from any tissue other than surface,glandular or parenchymal epithelium |
|
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Term
| Explain Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
|
Definition
-occurs in young adults
-starts in a single lymph nose and the spreads
-cancer of the lymph
-Histology: has sternberg cells (giant cells) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
gram -
GI upset
from food/water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacillus anthracis
-germinate within the pulmonary alveoli
-spores
-difficult to get rid of |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps in coagulation? |
|
Definition
1) thromboplastin -> thrombin
2)Prothrombin -> thrombin
3)Fibrin -> fibrongen |
|
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Term
| What is Thrmbocytopenia? And what causes it? |
|
Definition
a decrease in the # of platelets caused by:
-Injury/disease of bone marrow
-bone marrow cancer
-antiplatelet antibodies
-abnormal functioning of platelets |
|
|
Term
| Describe von Willebrand's Disease |
|
Definition
-bleeding in tissues ( not the joints)
-deficency of factor 8 in phase 1
-treated with factor concentrates |
|
|
Term
| Where are clotting factors made? |
|
Definition
-in the liver
- Vitamin K is required for the synthesis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Syndrome
-a disturbance of blood coagulation results because of the activation of the coagulation mechanism and lysis at the same time. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot formed within the vasular system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a plug composed of a detached clot, mass of bacteria or other foreign material occludes a blood vessel |
|
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Term
| Explain a Pulmonary Emboli, and how is it treated |
|
Definition
-When a clot blocks the main pulmonary artery or its two major branched and occlude the blood flow to the lungs
-BP falls
-SOB
-possible death
Tx: anticoagulants or surgical removal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the two types of Angina? |
|
Definition
stable- midsternal pain caused by myocardial ischemia with exertion. Decreases with less activity and Nitro
unstable - severe decrease if the diameter of the coronary arteries, and episodes of pain that occur frequently, longer and are not better with Nitro |
|
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Term
| What does Rheumatic Fever do to the heart? |
|
Definition
| It can lead to Valvular Heart Disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle by a single ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| Explain Ejection Fraction |
|
Definition
| the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle in systole expressed as a % of the total volume of blood within the ventricle in diastole. (SV/EDV) |
|
|
Term
| What is Congenital Heart Disease, and what can cause it? |
|
Definition
-"Faulty Pump Construction"
-can be caused by measles, down syndrome, malformed cardiac valves, abnormal communication between vessels and atria/ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors of heart disease? |
|
Definition
-increased blood lipids
-high BP
-cig smoking
-diabetes
-obesity
type a personality |
|
|
Term
| What is a Myocardial Infarction? |
|
Definition
-a necrosis of the heart muscle
-caused by a sudden blockage of a coronary artery usually from a blood clot or coronary thrombosis, hemorrhage, arterial spasm and an increase in myocardial oxygen requirements. |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications that follow a MI? |
|
Definition
-arrhythmias
-heart failure
-intracardial thromi
-pericarditis
-cardiac rupture
-papillary muscle dysfunction
-ventricular anerysm |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Transmural Myocardial Infarction |
|
Definition
-a full thickness of the muscular wall of extending from the endocardium to the epicardium
-usually from a thrombosis of a major corornary artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the heart release during a MI? |
|
Definition
Enzymes and proteins are released when the tissue is necrotic, and these are released into the blood stream:
-Troponin
-Creatine Kinase
-LDH
-Myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between Asprin and MI's? |
|
Definition
| A small amount of asprin inhibits the platelet function, making it less likley to have platelets adhear to roughened atheromatous plaques that can initiate thromosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three drugs used for treating Heart Failure? |
|
Definition
-ACE Inhibitors
-Digitalis
-Diiuretic drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-they are drugs that block an enzyme called angiotensin converting enzyme
-it promotes the excretion of salt and Water resulting in a lowered blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dilation of a wall of an artery or outpouching of a portion of the wall
-in the aorta this is very dangerous because it can rupture and needs to be treated with a graft above and below the segment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most numerous leukocyte
-involved in phagocytosis
-inflammatory reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Phagocytic
-an increase in #'s is seen with chronic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-involved in allergy reactions
-animal/parasite infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-second most common
-involved in cell mediated/humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is hypochromic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| when the RBC's are smaller than normal |
|
|
Term
| What causes Hypochromis microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Macrocytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin B 12 or Folate deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Explain Pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
| -Vitamin B12 deficiency due to the lack of intrinsic factor because the immune system attacks the mucosal cells in the stomach and no B12 is absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-it is an increase in the number of RBC's and Hb
-above the normal level
Two Causes:
Primary= hyperplasia of bone marrow
Secondary= Increase in EPO in response to decreased arterial O2 concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-it is a genetically recessive traint
-the body becomes overloaded with iron
-the increased iron levels result in organ damage |
|
|
Term
| What is a Reticulocyte? What would cause the #'s of this cell to increase? |
|
Definition
-It is a young RBC that still has some things on the inside
-The count would be high if there is a lot of blood loss or hemolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alpha Fetoprotein
-is the first test on a fetus
-levels are high when the fetus has a neural tube disorder or Down Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is Hereditary Spherocytosis? |
|
Definition
-the structural framework of a RBC is defective
-they form a spherical shape to accomodate the decrease in SA to V ration
-end of getting stuck or removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram Positive
anaerobic
spore forming
bacilli
gas gangrene
tetanus
botulism
GI infection |
|
|
Term
| What dissolves the fibrin in blood clots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can coagulation disturbances from Liver disease be corrected by IM Vitamin K shots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the third phase of coagulation? |
|
Definition
| -fibrinogen is converted into fibrin |
|
|
Term
| What are people with hemophelia deficient of? |
|
Definition
factor 8
antihemophilic globulin |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Most Embryos lacking an X chromosome are aborted spontaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| a highly infectious fungus that causes an acute pulmonary infection |
|
|
Term
| What causes most cases of lobar pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are E. Colis affects on the body? |
|
Definition
-bloody diarrhea
-hemolytic anemia
-kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of specific immunity? |
|
Definition
-Humoral = Ab's formed
-Cell-mediated = lymphocytes attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very efficient combining with fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed in response to most infectious agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the respiratory and GI tract
forms Ag/Ab complexes that cannot be absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greatly increased in allergic individuals |
|
|
Term
| What does Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae cause? |
|
Definition
-rocky mountain fever
-Typhus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure of homologous chromosomes in germ cells to separate in either the first or second meiotic divsion |
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