Term
| pathology with prevalence in men |
|
Definition
TCC (4:1)
squamous cell carcinoma (3:1)
renal agenesis (3:1)
nephrolithiasis (3:1)
UPJ obstruction (2:1)
urachal anomalies (2:1)
RCC (2:1)
Oncocytoma (1.7:1) |
|
|
Term
| pathology with prevalence in women |
|
Definition
emphysematous pyelonephritis (2:1)
bladder lymphoma
angiomyolipoma
cystitis
chronic pyelonephritis
acute pyelonephritis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ectopic kidney
crossed-renal ectopia
horseshoe kidney
renal agenesis
supernumerary kidney
duplex collecting system
ureterocele
UPJ obstruction
bladder agenesis
bladder duplication
urachal anomalies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidneys fail to migrate to normal position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both kidneys are found on the same side of the body due to improper rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sonographic appearance: kidneys are typically lower than normal, with the lower poles projecting medially; transverse imaging shows isthmus crossing the midline, anterior to the great vessels |
|
|
Term
| complete duplication of collecting system |
|
Definition
| 2 separate ureters each with their own ureteral orifice |
|
|
Term
| incomplete duplication of collecting system |
|
Definition
| 2 ureters join and enter the bladder through a single ureteral orifice |
|
|
Term
| duplication of collecting system |
|
Definition
| most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round, cyst-like structure within the bladder (UVJ) with candle sign – low, continuous ureteral jet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 200x more likely to develop bladder carcinoma (90% adenocarcinoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (50%) - complete patency of urachus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (30%) - urachus is closed at the umbilicus and bladder, but patent in between, typically in the lower 1/3 of urachus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (15%) - urachus is closed at the bladder, but patent at the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (5%) - urachus is closed at the umbilicus, but patent at the bladder |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| focal wedge-shaped areas with mixed echogenicity (aka lobar nephronia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sonographic appearance: mobile hyperechoic debris in a dilated renal collecting system
potentially fatal from bacteremia or septic shock |
|
|
Term
| xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
associations: nephrolithiasis (70%) and obstructive nephropathy
sonographic appearance: staghorn calculi |
|
|
Term
| causes of bladder wall thickening |
|
Definition
under-distention
infection
tumor
neurogenic bladder
bladder outlet obstruction
cystitis
bladder calculi
TCC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevalence: very common, 12% of population; increases with age; white men
sonographic appearance: echogenic foci with sharp distal shadowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sonographic appearance: dilated ureter – distal 3cm seen as tubular hypoechoic structure entering bladder obliquely; Doppler “twinkling artifact” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause: disorders of calcium metabolism (hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria) may result in formation of renal stones and deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma
symptoms: possible fever
sonographic appearance: increased cortical or pyramid echogenicity with possible shadowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HYPERNEPHROMA
TCC
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
LYMPHOMA
ADENOCARCINOMA
ONCOCYTOMA
METASTASES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common solid renal mass in adults
2:1 men
50-70yrs |
|
|
Term
| transitional cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
| most common neoplasm of bladder; 50x more common than renal pelvis TCC; most common malignant tumor of urothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second most common malignant tumor of urothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.7:1 men
resemble spoke – wheel patterns of enhancement with a central scar |
|
|
Term
| primary sites for renal metastases |
|
Definition
1.lung
2.breast
3.contralateral kidney (RCC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common; 50% of people over 50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical cysts that bulge into the central sinus of the kidney, without collecting system communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
displastic cystic dilation of the medullary pyramids
prevalence: 12% of patients with renal stones; 3rd - 4th decades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged kidneys with numerous bilateral cysts of varying size
progression: 50% have renal failure by age 60 |
|
|
Term
| autosomal dominant poycistic kidney disease |
|
Definition
| most common hereditary renal disorder |
|
|
Term
| multicystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
| non-hereditary, typically unilateral disease causing a small malformed kidney with multiple cysts and little, if any, normal renal parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| acquired cystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
| 90% of dialysis patients develop within 5 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autosomal dominant gene disorder affecting several areas of the body
sonographic appearance: multiple bilateral renal cysts
progression: cysts can evolve into RCC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic disease that causes tumor growth on organs (eyes, brain, lungs, skin), characterized by mental retardation, seizures, and sebaceous adenomas of the face
associations: increased renal cysts (angiomyolipoma, RCC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sonographic appearance: segmental/ focal - shows wedge-shaped mass
over time – echogenic mass/scar
chronic – end-stage small scarred kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major cause in adults is atherosclerosis in proximal segment (66%)
sonographic appearance: renal size asymmetry (involved kidney <9cm or more than 1.5-2cm size difference) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cause of acute reversible renal failure |
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|
