Term
| List the major organ involvements in diabetes mellitus! |
|
Definition
● Angiopathy
● Nephropathy
● Retinopathy
● Polyneuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Elements of diabetic nephropathy |
|
Definition
● Glomerulopathy
● Macro- and microangiopathy
● Recurrent pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Forms of ischemic heart disease |
|
Definition
● Angina pectoris
● Acute myocardial infarction
● Chronic ischemic heart disease
● Sudden cardiac death |
|
|
Term
| Causes of reduced coronary perfusion are |
|
Definition
● Stenosis (atherosclerotic plaque)
● Coronary thrombosis
● Vasospasm |
|
|
Term
| The course of AMI at tissue level |
|
Definition
● Reversible ischemic cell injury (swelling, myocytolysis)
● Coagulation necrosis
● Acute inflammatory infiltration
● Granulation tissue formation
● Scarring |
|
|
Term
| Major complications of AMI |
|
Definition
● Cardiac arrest
● Arrhythmia
● Mural thrombosis
● Myocardial rupture
● Fibrinous pericarditis
● ventricular aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of cor pulmonale |
|
Definition
● Pneumoconiosis
● Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
● COPD
● Tumors of the lung |
|
|
Term
| General forms of arteriosclerosis |
|
Definition
● Atherosclerosis
● Calcifying mediasclerosis (Mönckeberg)
● Arteriolosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Stages of plaque formation in atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
● Fatty streak
● Atheromatous plaque
● Fibrous atheroma
● Complicated plaque |
|
|
Term
| Clinical complications of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
● AMI
● Cerebral stroke
● Aortic aneurysm
● Renal insufficiency
● Peripheral arteriopathy (gangrene) |
|
|
Term
| Causes leading to chronic endothelial demage |
|
Definition
● Turbulent blood flow
● Toxins (nicotin)
● Viral infections
● Chronic or recurrent acute inflammations |
|
|
Term
Major porto-caval venous anastomoses significant in portal hypertension (liver
cirrhosis) |
|
Definition
● Esophageal venous plexus
● Rectoanal (hemorrhoidal) veins
● Retroperitoneal venous plexus
● Umbilical/abdominal veins |
|
|
Term
| Features of Barrett-esophagus? |
|
Definition
● Reddish spots on the esophageal mucosa
● Glandular epithelial cell metaplasia
● Complication of esophageal reflux
● Transformation potential to adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Basic components of acute gastritis |
|
Definition
● Mucosal erosion
● Acute inflammatory infiltration
● Superficial haemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Basic components of chronic gastritis |
|
Definition
● Chronic inflammatory infiltration
● Mucosal atrophy
● Intestinal metaplasia
● Regeneratory atypia |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of chronic gastritis |
|
Definition
● Helicobacter pylori
● Autoimmune processes |
|
|
Term
| Significant factors in the development of peptic ulcers |
|
Definition
● H. pylori
● Hyperacidity
● Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
● Fast stomach emptying |
|
|
Term
| Histological layers of a chronic ulcer are |
|
Definition
● Superficial necrosis
● Acute inflammatory layer
● Granulation tissue layer
● Massive fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Common complications of chronic peptic ulcers are |
|
Definition
● Gastric haemorrhage
● Perforation
● Scarring |
|
|
Term
| Major features of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are |
|
Definition
● Gastrin producing tumor
● Secondary glandular hyperplasia of the stomach
● Formation of multiple peptic ulcers |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent non-epithelial tumors of the stomach are |
|
Definition
● Lymphoma
● Leiomyosarcoma
● GIST
● Schwannoma |
|
|
Term
| Basic features of Krukenberg-tumor |
|
Definition
● Bilateral ovarial metastasis
● Signet-ring cell morphology
● Primary site is the stomach, breast or pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Histological features of acute pancreatitis are |
|
Definition
● Parenchymal edema
● Acute inflammation
● Fat necrosis
● Haemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Histological features of chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
● Parenchymal fibrosis
● Calcification
● Loss of acinar component
● Dilatation of ducts |
|
|
Term
| What does the acronym PanIN mean? |
|
Definition
| ● Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| Histological features of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas |
|
Definition
● Tubular pattern
● Marked invasivity
● Desmoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of ARDS? |
|
Definition
● Sepsis
● Shock
● Pneumonia
● Aspiration |
|
|
Term
| Major histological components in ARDS |
|
Definition
● Alveolar edema
● Necrosis
● Neutrophils
● Hyaline membrane |
|
|
Term
| Bronchiectasis develops on the basis of |
|
Definition
| ● acute destructive bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| The principal mechanism of alveolar wall destruction in emphysema |
|
Definition
| ● insufficient anti-protease activity |
|
|
Term
Which histological types of bronchial carcinomas are strongly associated to
cigarette |
|
Definition
● smoking
● squamous cell carcinoma
● small cell lung carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial precursor lesions of lung cancer are |
|
Definition
● squamous dysplasia
● atypical adenomatosus hyperplasia
● idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Paraneoplastic syndromes frequently associated with small cell lung carcinoma are |
|
Definition
● ACTH secretion
● ADH secretion |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent pleural primary tumors are |
|
Definition
● solitary fibrous tumor
● malignant mesenthelioma |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent metastatic pleural tumors are |
|
Definition
● lung carcinoma
● breast carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Precancerous lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma are |
|
Definition
● dysplasia
● erythroplakia |
|
|
Term
| Which histiological type of oral squamous cell carcinoma has the most favourable prognosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatotrop viruses infecting through a fecal-oral route are |
|
Definition
● hepatitis A
● hepatitis E |
|
|
Term
| Hepatotrop viruses infecting parenterally |
|
Definition
● hepatitis B
● hepatitis D
● hepatitis C |
|
|
Term
| What is the Budd-Chiary syndrome |
|
Definition
| ● Thrombosis of the hepatic vein |
|
|
Term
| Features of focal nodular hyperlpasia of the liver are |
|
Definition
● Hyperplastic nodule
● Well demarcated
● Central fibrous scar |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent primary carcinomas of the liver are |
|
Definition
● Hepatocellular carcinoma
● Cholangiocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Major features of Hirsprung disease are: |
|
Definition
● Regional lack of ganglion cells in the colon
● Functional obstruction
● Upstream dilation of the colon |
|
|
Term
| Major complications of colonic diverticulosis |
|
Definition
● Diverticulitis
● Hemorrhage
● Perforation
● Pericolic abscess |
|
|
Term
| Main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
|
Definition
● Crohn disease
● Ulcerative colitis |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic features of ulcerative colitis |
|
Definition
● Limited to the colon
● Distribution is diffuse
● Ulceration is superficial
● Pseudopolyps
● Malignant potential |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic features of Crohn disease |
|
Definition
● Ileum and colon involved
● Skip lesions
● Deep ulcers
● Fistulas
● Granulomas
● Malignant potential |
|
|
Term
| Carcinomas of the large intestine are |
|
Definition
● Adenocarcinoma
● Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus |
|
|
Term
| Common non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine |
|
Definition
● Lymphoma
● GIST
● Carcinoid |
|
|
Term
| Aquired causes of hydronephrosis |
|
Definition
● Kidney stone
● Tumor
● Inflammation
● Defect in innervation
● Pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Major cause of urolithiasis |
|
Definition
| ● Supersaturation of the urine |
|
|
Term
| Major components of renal stones are |
|
Definition
● Calcium oxalate/phosphate
● Struvite
● Urate
● Cystein |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of acute tubular necrosis |
|
Definition
● Ischemia
● Nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| Causes of testicular inflammations |
|
Definition
● Bacterial infection
● Mumps
● Tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Testicular germ cell tumors are classified as: |
|
Definition
● Seminoma
● Non-seminomatous tumors |
|
|
Term
| Non-seminomatous tumors of the testis |
|
Definition
● Embryonal carcinoma
● Yolk sac tumor
● Choriocarcinoma
● Teratoma |
|
|
Term
| The histological grading of prostate carcinomas is based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most important marker for prostate carcinoma detection and monitoring |
|
Definition
| ● Prostate specific antigen (PSA) |
|
|
Term
| Major risk factors for cervical carcinoma are |
|
Definition
● Multiple sexual partners
● High-risk HPV infection
● Smoking
● Immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| The most effective screening tool for the prevention of cervical cancer is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major categories of ovarian tumors are: |
|
Definition
● Surface epithelial tumors
● Germ cell tumors
● Sex-cord/stroma tumors
● Metastases |
|
|
Term
| What is a comedo carcinoma? |
|
Definition
● Ductal carcinoma with
● Extensive central necrosis |
|
|
Term
| DCIS is the abbreviation of |
|
Definition
| ● Ductal carcinoma in situ |
|
|
Term
| LCIS is the abbreviation of |
|
Definition
| ● Lobular carcinoma in situ |
|
|
Term
| What is Paget’s disease of the breast? |
|
Definition
● ductal carcinoma
● with infiltration of the lactiferus duct and the areola |
|
|
Term
| Histological subtypes of invasive breast cancer are |
|
Definition
● Ductal
● Lobular
● Medullary
● Mucinous
● Tubular |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of hypopituitarism |
|
Definition
● Pituitary apoplexia
● Inflammation
● Pituitary adenoma
● Surgery |
|
|
Term
| Major cause of hyperpituitarism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major forms of thyroiditis |
|
Definition
● Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto)
● Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain)
● Subacute lymphocytic (postpartum) |
|
|
Term
| The enlagement of the thyroid is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carcinomas of the thyroid are |
|
Definition
● Papillary carcinoma
● Follicular carcinoma
● Medullary carcinoma
● Anaplastic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Common endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas are |
|
Definition
● Insulinoma
● Gastrinoma
● Glucagonoma
● Somatostatinoma |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of the Cushing syndrome |
|
Definition
● Pituitary adenoma
● Adrenal hyperfunction
● Paraneoplastic (ACTH producing tumor)
● Iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of brain herniation due to increased intracranial pressure are |
|
Definition
● Subfalcine
● Transtentorial
● Tonsillar |
|
|
Term
| Major forms of hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
● Non-communicating
● Communicating
● Hydrocephalus ex vacuo |
|
|
Term
| The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
| ● Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| Cause of epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
| ● Injury of the middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| Cause of subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| ● Disruption of the bridging veins |
|
|
Term
| Major routes of infective agents to the CNS |
|
Definition
● Hematogenous
● Direct (posttraumatic)
● Continous extension
● Nerve chanals |
|
|
Term
| Forms of infectious meningitis |
|
Definition
● Acute bacterial meningitis
● Lymphocytic (viral) meningitis
● Chronic meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis) |
|
|
Term
| Major features of Creutzfeld-Jakob’s disease |
|
Definition
● Prion disease
● Spongiform transformation of the grey matter
● No inflammatory reaction
● Progress to dementia |
|
|
Term
| Major types of gliomas are |
|
Definition
● Astrocytomas
● Oligodendrogliomas
● Ependymomas |
|
|
Term
| Most common primary tumors causing brain metastases |
|
Definition
● Lung cancer
● Breast carcinoma
● Melanoma
● Renal cancer
● Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas |
|
|
Term
| Morphological changes in Alzheimer disease |
|
Definition
● Cortical atrophy
● Alzheimer-plaques (extrecellular)
● Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular) |
|
|
Term
| List five histological types of colorectal polyps! |
|
Definition
● inflammatory
● hyperplastic
● hamartomatous
● adenomatous
● lymphomatous |
|
|
Term
| What type of colorectal polyps do you know based on the macroscopical appearance? |
|
Definition
● pedunculated (with stalk)
● sessile |
|
|
Term
| Which are the two major genetic routes of colorectal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
● APC/β-catenin pathway
● microsatellite instability (mismatch repair) pathway |
|
|
Term
| List at least four of the hereditary polyposis syndromes! |
|
Definition
Acceptable answers:
● FAP (familiar adenomatous polyposis)
● Gardner
● Lynch
● Turcot
● Cowden
● Peutz-Jeghers |
|
|
Term
| Which are the fibropolycystic liver diseases? |
|
Definition
● Caroli’s disease
● polycystic liver disease
● congenital hepatic fibrosis
● von Meyenburg komplex |
|
|
Term
| Which are the general macroscopical characteristics of cholesterol stones? |
|
Definition
● solitary
● size measured in cms
● light colour
● radier arrangement on cut surface |
|
|
Term
| Name the major risk factors of cholesterol stone formation (the four F rule) |
|
Definition
● fertile
● female
● fourty
● fat |
|
|
Term
| Which are the most important complications associated with acute calculosus cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
● empyema
● gangrene
● perforation
● bilestone ileus |
|
|
Term
| What is Klatskin’s tumor? |
|
Definition
● Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma,
● Arising at the anastomosis of the right and left hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| Which are the common bone-forming tumors? |
|
Definition
● osteoma
● osteoid osteoma
● osteoblastoma
● osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Which are the common cartilage-forming tumors? |
|
Definition
● enchondroma
● osteochondroma
● chondroblastoma
● chondrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Which are the most frequent complications of rickets? |
|
Definition
● caput quadratum
● rachitic rosary
● pectus carinatum/excavatum
● rachitic bowleg/knock knee
● scoliosis |
|
|
Term
| Which are the most important characteristics of Ewing’s sarcoma? |
|
Definition
● usually pediatric
● diaphyseal appearance
● small, blue cell tumor histology
● associated with EWS gene translocation |
|
|
Term
| What is the major change in osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major change in osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| ● reduction of bone mineralization |
|
|
