Term
| What are two key characteristic for a disease to be congenital? |
|
Definition
| Disease is present at birth but may not show any symptoms until later on |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is referred to as an intrinsically abnormal embryologic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one classify a deformation? |
|
Definition
| Disease caused by extra-fetal factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a malformation and a deformation? |
|
Definition
| Malformation is usually genetic while a deformation is usually mechanical |
|
|
Term
| What does the term oligohydramnios refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a teratogen and what are some key examples? |
|
Definition
| Teratogens are agens that induce fetal MALFORMATION. Including drugs chemicals infectious agents and ionizing radiation |
|
|
Term
| What are some key issues associated with fetal alcohol syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Intrauterine growth restrictions, CNS abnormalities, distinctive facial characteristics, mild mental deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What does the acronym TORCH syndrome stand for? |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasm Other (EBV, varicella, listeria, leptospira) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus |
|
|
Term
| What are some key differences between a germ cell mutation and a somatic cell mutation? |
|
Definition
| Germ cell affects reproductive cells while somatic cell affects all cells except reproductive cells. Germ cell mutations are transmissible to the next generation while somatic cell mutations are NOT. However, somatic cell mutations have the ability to produce congenital malformations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Piece of one gene adjoins to another |
|
|
Term
| What does WAGR syndrome stand for? |
|
Definition
| Wilms tumor of kidney, aniridia (lack of iris), genital malformations, mental retardations |
|
|
Term
| What diseases is referred to as monosomy X or 45,X? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease shows symptoms such as short stature, broad chest, webbing of neck, lack of puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is referred to as XXY syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Atrophic testes, no secondary sex characteristics, tall, effeminate |
|
|
Term
| What are two common autosomal dominant disorders? |
|
Definition
Familial hypercholesterolemia,
Marfan syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the three categories of change with a person affected by marfan syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal changes, cardiovascular changes, ocular changes |
|
|
Term
| What are three common autosomal recessive disorders? |
|
Definition
| Cystic fibrosis, lysosomal storage diseases, PKU |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common autosomal recessive disease in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cystic fibrosis affect a person? |
|
Definition
| By altering their chloride transport channels |
|
|
Term
| How does a lysosomal storage disease affect a person? |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of metabolites due to the lack of an enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| How/Who are X-linked recessive disorders transmitted? |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic female to male newborn |
|
|
Term
| What coagulation factors does somebody with hemophilia lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fragile X syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Most common form of hereditary mental deficiency in males. Occurs less often and less severe in females |
|
|
Term
| What type of diseases does folic acid prenatally prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two common conditions associated with multifactorial inheritance diseases? |
|
Definition
| Diabetes mellitus, anencephaly |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common extracranial solid cancer in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common malignancy seen in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two characteristics are seen to determine if a child is premature? |
|
Definition
| Less than 2500 grams or born before the 37th week |
|
|
Term
| What is wrong with a child who has neonatal respiratory distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Immature lungs deficient in surfactant |
|
|
Term
| What is surfactant (lungs)? |
|
Definition
| Lecithin needed for keeping alveoli open |
|
|
Term
| What disease is referred to a pulmonary hyaline membrane disease? |
|
Definition
| Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Where does most fluid exchange within the body take plaace? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things control fluid movement within the body? |
|
Definition
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
albumin
lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of hydrostatic imbalances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fluid in the abdominal cavity referred to as? |
|
Definition
| Ascites or hydroperitoneum |
|
|
Term
| What is edema of the pleural cavity referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hydropericardium? |
|
Definition
| Edema of the pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is generalized edema referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is transudate effusion? |
|
Definition
| Excessive fluid caused by low protein and few cells |
|
|
Term
| What is exudate effusion? |
|
Definition
| Excessive fluid caused by rich protein and lots of cells. Usually results in inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Pressure wise, what two reason can transudate effusion occur? |
|
Definition
| Increased hydrostatic pressure of vessels or decreased oncotic pressure of plasma |
|
|
Term
| With transudate effusion, what does increased tissue hydration occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two reasons does exudate effusion occur? |
|
Definition
| Increased vessel permeability and hydrodynamic changes in peripheral circulation |
|
|
Term
| What does hydrostatic edema cause? |
|
Definition
| Increased blood pressure, venous stagnation and congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What condition is present if one has a reduced colloid osmotic pressure of plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is associated with hypoalbuminemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is elephantiasis caused by? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic infection which obstructs lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| What type of edema is caused by retention of sodium and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathway (step by step) leads to hypervolemic edema? |
|
Definition
| Increase renin --> increased angiotensis --> increased aldosterone from adrenals --> sodium retention --> retention of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does arteriole dilation lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is passive hyperemia? |
|
Definition
| Increased venous backpressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for bruising? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to blood-filled swelling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to anorectal bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Black discolored blood in stool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to abnormal menstrual bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to uterovaginal bleed not associated with menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to collapse of circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does hypoperfusion of tissues with blood occur? |
|
Definition
| When there is a disproportion of circulation between blood volume and vascular space |
|
|
Term
| What type of shock is classified by pump failure of heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be said about somebody who is under hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
| Loss of circulatory volume by bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of vascular tone or pooling of blood in dilated vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are three major symptoms of compensated shock? |
|
Definition
| Tachycardia, vasoconstriction of periphreal arterioles, reduced urine production |
|
|
Term
| What physiological symptoms distinguish a person from compensated and decompensated shock? |
|
Definition
| Hypotension, oliguria, acidosis |
|
|
Term
| When a person releases cytokines, what physiologic effects occur? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation and increased vessel permeability which leads to increased fluid in tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the releases of bacterial endotoxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the release of cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Formation of platelet plug |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary hemostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process is characterized by clot breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall result of disseminated intravascular coagulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell injury is seen with pathologic thrombi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smoking or oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by abnormal prothrombin and deficiencies of normal anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease would one find microthrombi in their vascular system? |
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
|
|
Term
| Where would an intramural thrombi attach? |
|
Definition
| Mural endocardium of heart chambers |
|
|
Term
| What disease would valvular thrombi mimic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of thrombi is attached to an arterial wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is one likely to find venous thrombi? |
|
Definition
| dilated veins (varicose veins) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common thrombi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freely moving blood clot from one anatomic site to another by blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occlusion of blood vessel by embolus |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of pulmonary embolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of cerebral embolism and organ ischemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does an embolus become an embolism? |
|
Definition
| When an embolus becomes trapped |
|
|
Term
| What is an infarction? What does it result from? |
|
Definition
| Sudden ischemic necrosis resulting from insufficient blood supply |
|
|
Term
| What is an arterial occlusion in solid organ called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Venous obstruction/ thrombosis of major veins |
|
|
Term
| In reference to thrombosis, what classification of drugs would plavix and aspirin fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of oral anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| To supress vitamin-K dependent factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of heparin? |
|
Definition
| boost body's natural anticoagulant ATIII |
|
|
Term
| What thromobolytic drug is used as treatment/prevention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left ventricle contracts during systole or diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is pressure maintained during the diastole phase of blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Elastic squeeze of aorta and large arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are two major functions of endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
Control diffusion into adjacent tissue
Prevent coagulation |
|
|
Term
| Which are more subject to disease, veins or arteries? Why? |
|
Definition
| Arteries because they are thick and tense |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines are considered what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ + lipid = lipoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three numbers go into calculating total cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cholesterol promotes atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable level for LDL? HDL? |
|
Definition
Less that 100 for LDL
Greater than 60 for HDL |
|
|
Term
| What is arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Disease of small blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What kind of patients would you find arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| patients with hypertension and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What is hyaline arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Afferent arterioles of renal glomeruli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic lesion of atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What classifies an older atheroma vs a young atheroma? |
|
Definition
Young is soft and prone to sudden thrombosis leading to occlusion
Older is less fat, more scar and calcium. When arteries harden |
|
|
Term
| How does the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With atherosclerosis, once endothelial injury has occurred, how does the pathogenesis continue? What does the next step end up causing? |
|
Definition
| Lipid accumulation which causes influx of smooth muscle cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| With atherosclerosis, once smooth muscle cells have influxed, what is the next pathogenic step? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation due to an increased C-reactive protein |
|
|
Term
| With atherosclerosis, once C-reactive protein is increased, what is the next pathogenic step? What does this then eventually lead to? |
|
Definition
| Increased C-reactive protein leads to a continued proliferation of smooth muscle, collage deposition. This begins to form a fibrous inflammation leading to a hardening of arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a coronary occlusion cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for a stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intermittent claudication? |
|
Definition
| Leg pain or cramps with exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of essential hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of secondary hypertension? |
|
Definition
| kidney disease, tumors, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What disease correlates with benign nephroscelrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases correlate with malignant nephrosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Necrotizing arteriolitis and hyperplastic arteriolitis |
|
|
Term
| What type of vessels are involved with angiitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vessels are involved with arteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual cause of vasculitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of angiitis? |
|
Definition
| Usually necrotizing if not treated |
|
|
Term
| What organ(s) are/is most affected by polyarteritis nodosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of vasculitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thromboangiitis obliterans |
|
Definition
| Disease of the small vessels of hands and feet common in young cig. smokers |
|
|
Term
| What condition is characterized by the exaggeration of normal vasoconstriction and vasodilation associated with weather? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are varicosities and what are the caused from? |
|
Definition
| Dilated veins caused by hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What loose fitting transparent membrane covers the surface of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, cellular membrane that lines the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the hearts natural pacemaker and where is it found within the heart? |
|
Definition
| SA node located in the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the heart can self-excite at slower rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can an arrhythmia be harmful? |
|
Definition
| Interrupts the normal filling and emptying of chambers essentially lowering cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an atril flutter and atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
flutter - organized, regular beat
fibrillation - disorganized, rapid atril rhythm |
|
|
Term
| What are two major consequences for congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
Heart is unable to eject volume of blood as delivered
Heart becomes engorged with blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the common physiological actions of compensated heart failure? |
|
Definition
ventral dilation/wall stretching
Ventricle works harder to pump same amount of blood |
|
|
Term
| How does uncompensated heart failure arise? |
|
Definition
| Heart fibers stretched too much causing weaker contractions |
|
|
Term
| What is forward cardiac failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is backward cardiac failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 of the major causes of left-heart failure? |
|
Definition
Damaged muscle
Excess HBP strain
Aortic/mitral valve disease
Cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 of the classical symptoms of left-heart failure? |
|
Definition
Fluid retention
Dyspnea
Rapid heart beat
Rales |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of right heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PURE right heart failure come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for ischemic heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ischemic heart disease arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 possible physiological disorders that can arise from ischemic heart disease? |
|
Definition
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
sudden cardiac death
Chronic ischemic heart disease with congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| How can one relieve the symptoms of stable angina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is stable angina pectoris precipitated from? |
|
Definition
| Exertion, emotion, sudden cold, heavy meal |
|
|
Term
| What does unstable angina pectois precipitate from? |
|
Definition
| aggregating platelets on atherosclerotic plaque |
|
|
Term
| What does an unstable angina possibly indicate? |
|
Definition
| impending myocardial infarction |
|
|
Term
| What is unremitting angina caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a myocardial infarction? |
|
Definition
| Complete occlusion of coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| How could one classify chronic myocardial ischemia? |
|
Definition
| ventricular muscular deterioration |
|
|
Term
| What does hypertensive heart disease lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hypertensive heart disease lead to a decrease in? (2 things) |
|
Definition
| decreased movement and stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| What is valvular insufficiency? |
|
Definition
| Regurgitation or backflow of blood |
|
|
Term
| How does rheumatic heart disease come about? |
|
Definition
| molecular mimicry of streptococcal pharyngitis |
|
|
Term
| What are two complications (diseases) which arise from rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
| acute rhematic fever or chronic rheumatic valvulitis |
|
|
Term
| Which heart disease is classified by inflamed valve cusps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of isolated aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is infective endocarditis and how does it arise? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection of valve caused by valvular insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of most infectious lesions of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main causes of myocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a congenital heart defect were to develop, when would it? |
|
Definition
| During the first 10 weeks of gestation |
|
|
Term
| What is a malrotational defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defect that diverts blood from one side of heart orgreat vessels to the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| What is a left-right shunt? |
|
Definition
| low pressure right side open to high pressure left side. Thus oxygen flows from left to right |
|
|
Term
| What shunt is between the right atrium to left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shunt is between the pulmonary artery to aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual cause of pericarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hemopericardium? |
|
Definition
| Undiluted pericardial effusion |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for hay fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an acute upper respiratory infection? |
|
Definition
| Common cold or infectious rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the main cause of an acute upper respiratory infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more serious, acute pharyngitis caused by a virus or bacterial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for vocal cord nodules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collapse of previously inflated lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is neonatal atelectasis? |
|
Definition
| incomplete expansion of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by an abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic cough that produces sputum for 3 consecutive months, two years in a row. |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological change with chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| Hypersecretion of mucus in the large airway |
|
|
Term
| What is bronchiectasis and how does it arise? |
|
Definition
| permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastinc tissue. Associated with chronic necrotizing infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhalation of mineral dusts |
|
|
Term
| What brings about hypersensitivity pneumonitis? |
|
Definition
| prolonged exposure to dusts and occupational antigens |
|
|
Term
| What is a lower respiratory infection better known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a suppurative process characterized by necrosis occurring in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air within the pleural space |
|
|
Term
| What is pleural effusion? |
|
Definition
| Excess fluid within the pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pleural malignancy associated with asbestos exposure |
|
|
