Contains catabolic ezymes within the cell

Disposes cell waste and foreign substances

Converts carbohydrate, protein, and fat to ATP

-energy 

Physical trauma

Toxins

Infection

Genetic Abnormalities

Malnutrition

Dhydration

Hypoxia

Combinations of these factors

-Damaged cells either adapt or die

-Damage at the cellular level can lead to tissue damage---can lead to organ damage

-atrophy

-hypertrophy

-hyerplasia

-metaplasia

-dysplasia

Damaged tissues heal by either

-regeneration of the original tissue type

-replacement of the original tissue type with connective (scar) tissue

-a result of long-term chemical irritation or mechanical stress

-destructive to the cells and tissues

-produces more fibrin and collagen to protect the undamaged tissue or isolate the offending substance

-can prevent/inhibit tissue healing

-same signs and symptoms of acute inflammation but less intense

-aching pain, pitting edema, mild to moderate muscle spasm, increased local tissue temp

-persists until the cause of cellular damage is removed

-Specialized inflammatory response

-cell damage caused by the infectious organism causes inflammation

-activiation of the immune system can also stimulate a gerneralized inflammatory response which is more widespread than with a local tissue wound

-activated leukocytes in the blood affect the neurons in the medulla- causes increase in body temp (fever)

-involuntary shivering-chills- widespread vasoconstriction, and lying down and flexing the body all occur to increase body temp to a new level

increases metabolic demands, which leads to

-hypernea(rapid respiration)

-tachycardia(rapid heart beat)

-catabolism(breakdown of muscle and other tissue, except fat, to obtain energy

unusual fatigue

malaise-feeling bad

weakness

loss of appetite

once the microorganism has been eliminated the fever breaks

to reduce body temp, person

-diaphoresis-sweating

lethargy-extreme drowsiness

extension of the body in supine

mature bone cells- produced by osteoblasts and resorbed by osteoclasts

bone tissue is being constantly resorbed and rebuilt, maintaining a balance in homeostasis

cover of bone

-innervated and vascular structure that provides nutrition to the compact bone

has own blood supply and contains the bone marrow- either yellow(fatty) of red (produces blood cells)

Children: most bones contain red marrow

adults: red marrow only in flat bones

-alignment and approximation of bone ends

-nutrition

-sterility

-stability

inflammatory- 48-72 hours

proliferative- 3-6 weeks

remodeling- 6-24 weeks

Significant damage to the AC, subchondral bone, and synovium may require surgical replacement with an artificial joint

injuries usually accompanied by subtle joint instability and joint capsule inflammation- arthritis

inflammatory- 48-72 hrs- WB as tolerated, maintain muscular function

proliferative- 6 months- controlled WB activity to stimulate fibrocartilage

remodeling- 2 years- activity as tolerated

inflammatory- 48-72 hours- protect/splint

proliferative- 6-8 weeks- active mobilization within limits and activity

remodeling- 12-30 months- activity as tolerated

-physical trauma- contusion/strain

-infection-tetanus

-genetic and metabolic disease-MD

Metabolic states-ischemia

-infection

-toxins

-damaged muscle cells and tissue replaced by collagen tissue

-more damaged-more scar tissue

-large noncontractile scar within a muscle can be disabling

-sig damage to smooth/cardiac muscle lead to severe impairment/ complete loss of function to associated organ

inflammatory-48-72 hrs- protect/ passive of active-assisted mob

proliferative- 4-8 weeks-active muscle recruitment, passive mob

remodeling- 12 weeks- strengthening and accomdation to load

-inflammatory- 48-72 hrs-protect/splint

-proliferative-4-6 weeks-active and passive mob

remodeling-12-20 weeks-strengthening and activity 

all nerve cells contain cell body, dendrites- projections that receive signals from other cells, axons- projectios that send signals to other cells)

chemical processes form the electrical impulses within and between cells

nerve cells transmit electrical signals that control the movement and normal function

physical trauma

toxins

infections

metabolic imbalances

signs of nervous system impairment are often early indications of systemic disease

some diseases affect nerve cell function

damage to any portion of the nerve cells in the CNS is permanent

damage to a nerve's axon in the PNS can heal if the myelin sheath is undamaged

axon degenerates distal to the point of injury-- then regenerates inside myelin sheath slowly

inflammatory- 2-7 days- med eval, splinting?

proliferative- 1"per year- monitor, periodic sensory and motor testing

remodeling- up to 1 yr- return to normal use, strengthening or other therapy

gastrointestinal- absorb nutrients, secrete mucous for protection and enzymes for digestion