Term
|
Definition
| beta, alpha, delta and PP (rare: D1 and enterochromaffin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces insulin. Rectangular crystalline matrix, surrounded by a halo |
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Term
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Definition
| glucagon, round granules with closely applied membranes and a dense center |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin, suppresses both insulin and glucagon release, large pale granules with closely applied membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic polypeptide, GI effects, small, dark granules, found outside of islets. |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide) |
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Definition
| induces glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia, stimulates GI guild secretion and causes diarrhea |
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Term
|
Definition
| serotonin, tumors cause carcinoid syndrome |
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Term
| Diabetes is the leading cause of |
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Definition
| end-stage renal disease, adult-onset blindness, non-traumatic lower extremity amputations |
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Term
| Diabetes blood requirements |
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Definition
| any > 200, fasting > 126 more than once, OGTT glucose greater than 200 after two hours |
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Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune beta-cell destruction destruction |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Major insulin-responsive site |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| insulin-independent glucose-transporter |
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|
Term
| Mechanism of insulin release |
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Definition
| GLUT-2 ports glucose, ATP/ADP ratio increases, ATP-sensitive K+ activates, Ca influx, insulin secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two alpha, Two beta. Beta: tyrosine kinase activity, autophosphorylation on activation, activates IRS1-4 and GAB1. alpha: is binding domain |
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Term
|
Definition
| HLA locus on 6p21 including HLA-DR3/4 and DQ8. CTLA4, PTPN22, CD25 (IL2R) polymorphisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure of T-cell self-tolerance |
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Term
|
Definition
| transription factor 7-like2 (TCF7L2) on 10q, central obesity is a driving force |
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Term
|
Definition
| inverse correlation between fasting non-esterified fatty acids and insulin sensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| pro-hyperglycemic (resistin, RBP4) and anti-hyperglycemic (leptin, adiponectin: use AMPK pathway) are shifted to hyperglycemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| TNF, IL-6, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1. Enhance insulin-insensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| adipocyte nuclear transcription factor for differentiation. Promotes anti-hyperglycemic adipokines. Loss-of-function mutations exist |
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Term
| Beta-cell dysfunction in DM II |
|
Definition
| TCF7L2, amyloid replacement of islets |
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Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal-dominant, early onset, non-obese, non-autoimmune, includes MODY. |
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Term
| Monogenetic DM II examples |
|
Definition
| MODY2: (familial mild fasting hyperglycemia, glucokinase GCK); IPF1 (PDX1: insulin expression); Permanent neonatal diabetes: (KCNJ11, ABCC8 activates K+ channel); Maternally inherited diabetes: (mitochondrial DNA mutations, bilateral sensorineural deafness); insulin gene mutations |
|
|
Term
| DM II Receptor Mutations: Type A |
|
Definition
| PCOS/androgenemia, e.g. Lipoatrophic diabetes. Includes insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, acanthosis nigricans, hepatic steatosis. PPARG polymorphisms noted |
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Term
|
Definition
| velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| macrovascular/microvascular disease with atherosclerosis, glucotoxicity, glycation end products (RAGE), Protein Kinase C activation (PKC, DAG), Hyperglycemia and polyols (aldose reductase) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased Islets, Insulitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduction in islet cell mass (subtle), amyloid deposition in islets |
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Term
|
Definition
| glomerular lesions, renal vascular lesions, pyelonephritis. GBM thickening, mesangial sclerosis, Nodular glomerulosclerosis, necrotizing papillitis |
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|
Term
| Nodular Glomerulosclerosis |
|
Definition
| also intercapillary , or Kimmelstiel-Wilson. Laminated nodules of matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus, mesangiolysis, fibrin caps, capsular drops, ischemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pyelonephritis pattern particular to DM. |
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Term
| Polyphagia and weight loss increases suspicion of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Childhood, normal weight, decreased insulin, islet autoantibodies, DKA, MHC I/II linkage, Treg dysfunction, Insulitis, beta-cell depletion |
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Term
|
Definition
| adult, obese, increased insulin, Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma common, obesity genetics, amyloid |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia w/ CNS manifestations, fasting and exercise precipitate. Extracellular amyloid, islet hyperplasia. |
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Term
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma) |
|
Definition
| unresponsive PUD (unusual locations, treat with PPI), over half invasive or metastasized, anaplasia, |
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Term
|
Definition
| mild DM, skin rash (necrolytic migratory erythema), anemia, perimenopausal women, high glucagon levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| DM, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea, hypocholrhydia, high somatostatin |
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Term
|
Definition
| watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achorhydria, WDHA syndrome, VIPemia |
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|
Term
| Pancreatic carcinoid tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting endocrine tumors |
|
Definition
| Clinically asymptomatic despite high blood levels |
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