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Definition
- branch of the peripheral nervous system
- consists of pathways that regulate voluntary motor control |
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Definition
| Infection -> bacteremia -> sepsis -> severe sepsis -> septic shock -> multipile organ dysfunction syndrome |
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Definition
- responsible for goal-oriented behavior (ability to concentrate)
- short term or recall memrory
- elaboration of thought
- inhinbition on the limbic areas of the CNS |
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Definition
- responsible for the motor aspects of speeech.
- damage usually a result of CVA |
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Definition
- causes refractory peripheral vascular vasodilation
- increases vascular permeability
- depresses myocardial function. |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of septic shock |
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Definition
| - low arterial pressure, low SVR from vasodilation, systemic edema, and alteration in oxyten extraction by all cells. |
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Definition
- includesbelieved to exert a fine-tuning effect on motor movements.
- Huntington's diseases are conditions associated with defects of teh basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
- forms the base of the diencephalon
- maintains a constant internal environment
- implements behavioral patterns
- integrative centers control autonomic nervous system function, and regulate emotional expression.
- exerts its influence through the endocrine system, as well as through neural pathways |
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Definition
- secreted preganglionic fibers wich are cholinergic
- stimulates nicotinic receptors in the postganglionic neuron. |
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Definition
When consciousness decreases, it regulates the breathing pattern, responding onlyt to changes in PaCo2 levels.
- the result is the irregular breathing assciated with posthyperventilation apnea. |
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Term
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Definition
- resultss from an increased ventilatory response to carbon dixide stimulation
- Overtbreathing with coarbon dioxide stimulation
- breathing stops when until carbon dioxide reaccumulates |
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Term
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Definition
- can cause dilated, fixed pupils
- can cause the involved eye to deviate outward, producing a resting dysconjugate latera position of the eye |
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Definition
-occurs when the brain is damaged so completely that it can never recover and cannot maintain the body's internal homeostasis.
- the brain is autolyzing or already autolyzed.
- destruction includes the brain stem and cerebullem
- occurs when there is no evidence of function above the foramen magnum for an extended period. |
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Definition
- both content of thought and level of arousal are intact, but the efferent pathways are disrupted.
- the perrson retains vertical eye movement and blinking as a means of communication |
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Definition
- results from a sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerbral neurons
- characterized a sudden, transient alteration in brain function. |
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Term
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Definition
- a condition for which no underlying correctable cause for the seizure can be found
- seizure activity recurs without treatment |
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Term
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Definition
- a progressive failure of many cerebran functions not caused by impaired level of consciousness.
- effects in include decrease in orienting, memory, language and executive attentiona networks. |
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Term
| Mechanisms leading to dementia |
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Definition
- degeneration, compression, atherosclerosis, and trauma.
- Genetic predisposition associated with Alzheimer and Huntington diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
- A widespread hypersensitivity reaction
- begins as an allergic reaction |
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Term
| Increased Intracranial Pressure |
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Definition
3 stages
- intercranial hypertension, vasoconstriction and external compression
- systemic arterial vasoconstriction
- hypoxia and hypercapnia in brain tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
- increase in the fluid content of brain tissue
- harmful effects caused by distortion of blood vessels, displacement of brain tissues, and eventual herniation of brain tissue from one compartment to another. |
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Term
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Definition
4 types:
- Vasogenic edema: most importan type, caused by increased permeability of the capillary endothelium of the brain
- cytotoxic edema: toxic factors directly affect the cellular elements of the brain paranchyma causing failure of teh active transport system
- Ischemic edema: follows cerbral infarction. Has components of both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema. Autodigestive process begins.
- insterstitial edema: most often seen with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Caused by transependymal movement of DSF forom the ventricles into the extracellular spaces of the brain tissues. |
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Definition
- increased tone in extensor muscles and trunk muscles, with active tonic neck reflexes.
- When head is in a neutral position, all four limbs are rigidly extended.
- caused by sever injury to the brain and brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| - most common types of traumatic brain injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| - usually an artery the soryce of bleeding, sometimes from injury to the meningeal vein or dural sinus. |
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Term
| Chronic Subdural hematomas |
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Definition
- commonly found in elderly persons and persons who abuse alcohol.
- bridging veins tear, causing subdural hematomas. They act like expanding masses, increasing ICP.
- existing subdural space gradually fills with blood. |
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Term
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Definition
- immediate but transitory clinical manifestations.
- No loss of consciousness
- confusional state lasts for one to several minutes
- nervousness and not being themselves for a few days |
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Term
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Definition
| - Observed for in a basilar skull fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
may occur after spinal shock resolves
- associated with a massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Transiet ischemic atacks (TIA) |
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Definition
-temporary decreases in brain blood flow resulting in brief changes in brain function including changes in vision, speech, motor function , or symptoms of dizziness or loss of consciousness.
- usually no permanent brain injury |
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Term
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Definition
| - risk factors include arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes, insulin resistance, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, presence of liporotein, impaired cardiac function, hyperhomocysteinemia, nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, and chlamydia pneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
- may result from arteriosclerosis, congenital abnormality, trauma, inflammation, and cocaine.
- rupture through thin areas
- saccular and fusiform |
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Term
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Definition
- affects primarily the pia mater and arachnoid, subarachonid space, and ventricular system and CSF.
- Meningococcus and pneumoococcus are the most common cause. |
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Term
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Definition
- acute febrile illness, usually of viral origin, with nervous system involvement.
- most commonly caused by artropod-borne viruses and herpes simplex type 1 |
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Term
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Definition
- may result from infection, trauma or surgery, neoplasm or a metabolic, immunologic, or vascular disorder.
- acute: mostly caused by viruses can also by caused by MI. Causes inflammation process
- pericardial effusion: fluid building in the pericardium
- constrictive pericarditis: caused by TB |
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Term
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Definition
- double walled membrananous sac that encloses the heart
- prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration
- serves as a physical barier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
- contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors to elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| - Sepsis-induced hypotension or the requiremetn for vasopressors/inotropes to maintain blood pressure despite adequate fluid rescuscitation along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities tha my include, but are not limited to lactic acidosis, oliguria, or acute alteration in mental status. |
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Term
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Definition
- causes decreased heart rate and slows conduction through the AV node
- causes coronary vasodilation |
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Term
| Medulla, negative inotrope, acetylcholine |
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Definition
- released by vagus nerve
- effects heart by decreasing contractility |
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Term
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Definition
- stretch receptors located in the aorta and in the carotid sinus.
- respond to changes in smooth muscle fiber length by altiering their rate of discharge and supply sensory information to teh cardiovascular center that regulates blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
- stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal gland
- stimulates thirst, release of antidiuretic hormone, and inrease of symmpathetic nervous system output.
- causes reabsrption of sodium in the kidneys by aldosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted by justaglomerular cells of the kidney.
- splits off a polypeptide from angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I, later coverted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |
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Term
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Definition
- increases risk for target organ disease events such as IM, kidney disease, and stroke
- factors associated include family hx, advancing age, gender, balck race, hig sodium intake DM, smoking, obisity, heavy alcohol consumption, and low dietary intake of potassium, calcium and magnesium. |
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Term
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Definition
- decrease in both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressur on standing.
- accompanied by dizziness, blurring or loss of vision, and syncope or fainting.
- occurs because normal or compensatory vasoconstrictor response to standing is absent. |
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Term
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Definition
- aorta is particularly susceptible to aneurysm formation because of constant stress on the vessel wall and the absence of penetrating vasa vasorum in the media layer.
- commonly caused by atherosclerosis.
- also caused by HTN because of wall stress. |
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Term
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Definition
- often occur in the circle of willis, associated with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.
- signs and symptoms of stroke occur when cerebral aneurysms leak. |
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Term
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Definition
- a detached thrombus
- wDVT occurs primarrily in the lower extrimity
- proted by venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoagulable states disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
- origninate on the venous side of the systemic circulation or in the right heart.
- causes ischemia or infarction in tissues distal to the obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
- attacks of vasospasm in the smll arteries and arterioles of teh fingers and less commonly, the toes.
- causes changes in skin color and sensation caused by ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
- cells are deprived of blood supply
- they remain alive but cannot function normally.
- If persistant, can cause acute coronary syndromes including infarction |
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Term
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Definition
- risk factors include advanced age, male gender, women after menopause, and family history.
- modifiable risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and atherogenic diet |
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Term
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Definition
- Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia
- usually relieved by rest and nitrates
- if not relieved may be developing infarction |
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Term
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Definition
- results from prolonged ischemi causing irreversible damage to heart muscle.
- Divided into Non-ST elevation MI and ST elevation MI. |
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Term
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Definition
- Two major types of MI: subendocardial and transmural infarction.
- Subendocardial MI: if the thrombus breaks up before complet distal tissue necrosis has occured, teh infarction will involve only the myocardium directly beneath the endocardium
- transmural MI: If the thrombus lodges permanently in the vessel, the infarction will extend through the myocardium all the way from endocardium to epicardium, resulting in sever cardiac dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs after 20 minutes of myocardial ischemia
- results in the relase of CPK-MP and troponins. |
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Term
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Definition
- symptoms include sudden onset of sever retrosternal chest pain that worsens with respiratory movements an with lying down
- low grade fever and sinus tachycardia.
- treatment with includes anti-inflammatory agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| - pressure in the pericardium that creates sufficient pressure to cause cardiac compression |
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Term
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Definition
- P rate>300 and not obserable, no PR interval, PRS rate variable and rhythm irregular
- causes decreased fillling time, decreased mean arterial pressure
-electrolyte disturbances, hypoxia and elevated preload
- treated with digoxin, calcium channel blockers, vagus stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
- results in inadeqquate perfusion of tissues with vital blood-borne nutrients
- most causes from dysfunction of the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
Types:
- Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic shock |
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