Term
| What are the three types of arteriosclerosis? |
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Definition
1) Atherosclerosis
2) Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3) Arteriolosclerosis |
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Term
| What is arteriosclerosis? |
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Definition
| thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls (hardening of the arteries) |
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Term
|
Definition
| plaque and fatty build up in the intima (inner-most layer of the heart); creates turbulance with blood flow; increased BP |
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Term
| Explain Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis. |
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Definition
destruction of mm and elastic fibers and formation of Ca deposits
occurs in the middle layer of the heart |
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Term
| What is arteriolosclerosis? |
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Definition
| thickening of the walls of small A (arterioles) |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of angina. |
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Definition
1) chronic stable
2) unstable
3) Prinzmetal's or vasospastic angina |
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Term
| Explain what chronic stable angina (aka _____) is. |
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Definition
aka exertional angina because occurs at a predictable level of activity or emotional stress
goal: to workout just below the threshold so you can build up endurance |
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Term
| Describe unstable angina. |
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Definition
unpredictable, not related to usual demand for myocardial O2
symptom of disease progression |
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Term
| What does Prinzmetal's or vasospastic angina result from? |
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Definition
| due to coronary artery spasm and is likely to occur in the first few hours of rising |
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Term
| What are the 3 zones of damage in an MI? |
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Definition
1) Zone of infarction
2) Zone of hypoxic injury
3) Zone of ischemia |
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Term
| What is the Zone of infarction? |
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Definition
| area of myocardium that was completely deprived of O2 resulting in cell death |
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Term
| What is the zone of hypoxic injury? |
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Definition
| immediately surrounding the area of infarction and will recover if blood flow is quickly restored |
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Term
| The zone of _______ is usually reversible. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the healing amount 18-24 hours post-MI? |
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Definition
| anti-inflammatory response |
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Term
| What is the healing amount 2-4 days post-MI? |
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Definition
| visible necrosis, proteolytic enzymes remove debris |
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Term
| What is the healing amount 4-10 days post-MI? |
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Definition
| debris is cleared, collagen matrix laid down |
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Term
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Definition
| a weak, fibrotic scar begins to be revascularized |
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Term
| What is the healing amount 6 weeks post-MI? |
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Definition
| a tough, inelastic scar is in place which can now tolerate heavy stress |
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Term
Name the fxns of the following MI medications:
1) B-blocker
2) nitroglycerine
3) Ca-channel blockers
4) diuretics
5) Aspirin
6) ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
1) B-blocker - increase workload on heart, decreases reoccurance of MI
2) nitroglycerine - vasodilate peripheral vessels
3) Ca-channel blockers - relax the arteries
4) diuretics - change blood conc and vol...
5) Aspirin - anticoagulent
6) ACE inhibitors - improve pump fxn (and?) |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
- generally same as heart failure
- dilated (fatigue or weakness w/normal or low BP)
- hypertonic (freq asymptomatic, sudden death is a presenting sign, dyspnea common)
- restrictive - decreased CO leading to high intraventricular P and signs of CHF |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways Pulmonary diseases are classified by? |
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Definition
1) acute or chronic
2) obstructive or restrictive
3) infectious or non-infectious |
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Term
| Name the 5 altered breathing patterns and sounds... |
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Definition
1) apneustic
2) Cheyne-Stokes
3) Lateral costal breathing
4) Stridor
5) Wheezing |
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Term
|
Definition
gasping inspiration followed by short expiration
like sleep apnea |
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Term
| What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing? |
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Definition
seen at end of life, repeated cycles of deep breathing f/b shallow breaths or cessation of breathing
breathing is: deep --> shallow --> stops |
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Term
| Explain lateral costal breathing. |
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Definition
| can't expand chest;chest flattened ant. w/ flaring of lower ribs (supine); min up chest expansion or accessory mm involvement; person breaths into lateral plane due to diaphragm and intercostal mm weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
| shrill, harsh sound on inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing with rasp or whistle due to constriction or obstruction |
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Term
| Describe the main differences between restrictive and obstructive diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 diseases related to the bronchioles. |
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Definition
1) asthma
2) chronic bronchitis
3) FINISH? |
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Term
| What are the 3 classifications of cardiomyopathies? |
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Definition
1) dilated
2) hypertrophic
3) restrictive |
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Term
| Define "dilated cardiomyopathy." |
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Definition
| fatigue and weakness with normal or low BP |
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Term
| Define "hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." |
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Definition
| frequent asymptomatic with sudden death being a presenting sign, dyspnea is common |
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Term
| What is restrictive cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
| decrease CO leading to high intraventricular P and signs of CHF |
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Term
| What is Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)? |
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Definition
| variation in shape/structure of the mitral valve, causing one or both of the mitral valve leaflets to billow or bulge backward into the L atrium during LV contraction |
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Term
| List some of the symptoms of MVP. |
|
Definition
- irregular heart beat
- tachycardia
- fatigue and weakness
- panic attack or anxiety
- sleeplessness, dizziness, migraines
- intestinal problems
- mitral click or murmur |
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