Term
|
Definition
regulates fluid and electrolyte balance(water, salt, pH) by filtration, secretion and reabsorption
An endocrine organ – it activates both erythropoeitin (for production of red blood cells) and vitamin-D (which regulates calcium
metabolism).
Also produces renin (in the afferent arteriole) which affects various aspects of B/P, water and electrolyte homeostasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bladder infection (ureters, bladder, urethra) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives most of the blood flow, and is mostly concerned with reabsorbing filtered material |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a highly metabolically active area, which serves to concentrate the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collects urine for excretion |
|
|
Term
Nephrons
Function and Parts |
|
Definition
Produce Urine
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Production
of nephrons ceases at birth. There are 1.3 million/kidney
There are four parts of the nephron:
1. The glomerulus, which is the blood/kidney interface, plasma is filtered from capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule.
2. The proximal convoluted tubule, which reabsorbs most nutrients and electrolytes.
3. The loop of Henle, concentrates urine by increasing the osmolality of surrounding tissue and filtrate.
4. The distal convoluted tubule, which reabsorbs water and sodium depending on needs, |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when kidneys fail? |
|
Definition
Less waste is removed
More waste remains in the blood
Nitrogenous compounds build up in the blood |
|
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Term
|
Definition
rough estimate of renal function
Normal adults 10-20 mg/dl
Amount of urea in blood
Varies with diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More sensitive indicator of kidney function
Normal 0.5-1.2 mg/dl
Product of Phosphocreatine and creatine of skeletal muscle
Excreted entirely by kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
|
Definition
= The number of mls of filtrate made by the kidneys per minute
=90-140 mls (average 120 mls)
↓ with ↑ age
Has an inverse relationship with Serum Creatinine-as GFR ↓ → ↑ SerumCreatinine |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Renal Failure- Prerenal |
|
Definition
60%
anything above the kidney that causes failure, renal hypoperfusion
Decreased blood supply
Shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Renal Failure- Postrenal |
|
Definition
5%
anything from the kidneys down that blocks the flow of urine
Stones, tumors, enlarged prostate
Hydronephrosis- urine is backed up and makes the urine swell, destructing structures of the kidney |
|
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Term
|
Definition
35%
not related to any pre or postrenal complications
Kidney tubule function is decreased
Ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The renal tubules remain intact and avidly conserve salt and water in the face of sensed renal hypoperfusion.
When normal renal hemodynamics are restored, urine flow returns to normal. Because this is undoubtedly a good response (a means of organ protection)
Prerenal syndrome is often called “acute renal success”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypovolemia
Dehydration
Loss of GI fluid
Hemorrhage
Third Spacing
Septicemia
Septic Shock
Heart Failure |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic/Intrarenal Failure Etiology |
|
Definition
Exposure to nephrotoxic agents (aminoglycosides, kanamycin, sulfonamides)
Heavy metals (lead, mercury)
Radiopaque contrast dye
Acute glomerulonephritis
Uric Acid Crystals
Hemolytic Reaction (blood transfusion)
Acute pyelonephritis
Severe crushing injuries-muscles release myoglobin into the bloodstream-blocks tubules |
|
|
Term
| Post-renal Failure Etiology |
|
Definition
Calculi
UPJ Obstruction (uretero-pelvic junction)
UVJ Obstruction (uretero-vesical neck)
Bladder Outlet Obstruction-BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) |
|
|
Term
| Oliguric Phase of Acute Renal Failure |
|
Definition
Drop in urine output (<15 ml/hr)
Na+ <135 mEq/l
K+ ↑
↑ BUN & Creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
UO <50 ml/24 hours
Urine output falls because the kidneys are not functioning. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Kidneys are starting to work again, but they can't concentrate urine well so they put out a lot.
U/O >400 ml/hr
Osmotic Diuresis
S & S of Electrolyte Imbalances
K+ falls |
|
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Term
|
Definition
U/O gradually returns to normal
Begins 2-3 weeks after injury-can take up to 6-12 months |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Largely supportive
Discontinue Nephrotoxic Agent
Loop Diuretics
Hemodialysis
Monitor I & O
Titrate fluids carefully-Intake=Output
Daily wts
Monitor Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mortality remains around 50%
2/3 oliguric phase
1/3 diuretic phase
Mortality rate highest with patients with marked tissue destruction
Crushing Injuries
Severe Trauma |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Renal Failure Etiology |
|
Definition
ATN
Glomerulonephritis- inflammation of just the glomerulus
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the entire kidney
Polycystic Kidney Disease- cysts on kidneys, sometimes holds urine
Essential Hypertension- the nephron tubules are fragile (can’t make more nephrons)
Urinary Obstruction
Diabetes Mellitus
We can lose 50% of our nephrons and be okay, but 75% or more it’s not okay |
|
|
Term
| Diminished Renal Reserve Stage of CRF |
|
Definition
Nephrons are working as hard as they can
GFR 50% normal
Normal BUN/Creatinine |
|
|
Term
| Renal Insufficiency Stage of CRF |
|
Definition
Nephrons can no longer regulate urine density
Azotemia, Anemia, ↑B/P, Polyuria, Nocturia |
|
|
Term
| Renal Failure Stage of CRF |
|
Definition
Nephrons can no longer keep blood composition normal
GFR <20%
Edema, Metabolic Acidosis, Hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| End Stage Renal Disease Stage of CRF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uremia= Urine in the Blood |
|
Definition
Renal filtering function decreases
Altered fluid and electrolyte balance
Acidosis, hyperkalemia, salt wasting, hypertension
Wastes build up in blood-Azotemia
Increased creatinine and BUN
Toxic to CNS, RBCs, platelets (problems with bleeding)
Kidney metabolic functions decrease
↓ erythropoietin
↓ Vitamin D activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic Acidosis
↑ Serum Creatinine
↑ BUN
↑ Phosphate
↓ Calcium
Fluid Volume Excess
Anemia
Infections
Ecchymosis
Specific Gravity
Drug Intolerance
Neuro Symptoms
GI Symptoms:
Bleeding
Anorexia |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
Consequences of CRF |
|
Definition
Decreased blood viscosity
+
Increased blood pressure
+
Decreased oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Acute Renal Failure |
|
Definition
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs
Aminoglycosides
Inadequate post-op fluid replacement
Crushing injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osteodystrophy
Metabolic Acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microscopic Hematuria
Normal sized kidneys on ultrasound
Pulmonary Edema |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unique in that venous blood draining the GI tract organs empties into the portal vein which then perfuses the liver
Because these organs get 25-30% of cardiac output, it is a major source from which blood flow can be diverted during exercise or stress |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Microorganisms breakdown that not digested
Also synthesize Vitamin K & some B
Also produces flatus (why important?)
Amino Acids; deaminated leaving ammonia which liver converts to urea |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Liver (largest internal organ) |
|
Definition
Metabolism
Bile Synthesis
Detoxification
Blood Proteins
Stores Glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exocrine Function:
Digestive Enzymes
The pancreas secretes bicarbonate, dumps it in through the common bile duct empties into the duodenum. The stomach makes HCl so the HCO3 neutralizes it. Ulcers are caused in the stomach or intestine.
Endocrine Function:
Insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of Gall Bladder & CBD
GB stores and concentrates bile
Bile emulsifies fat
You can tell that you are producing bile because our stool is brown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of the gall bladder, dumps into CBD, breaks down fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorbed in the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C Diff (Clostridium Difficile) |
|
Definition
| difficult to treat, drains patients strength, uncontrollable diarrhea, eating yogurt daily can prevent patients from getting this back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasite, people can contract it drinking water that’s not purified, difficult one to treat, Flagyl, Tindimax |
|
|
Term
| Medical Treatment for Bowel Infections |
|
Definition
Conservative
Fluid & Electrolytes- lose potassium and sodium
No antidiarrheals, antispasmodics-slows down the passage of contents, but if you have an infection it will prolong it. Can make the problem worse.
Kaolin & pectin- may help to increase stool consistency
Bismuth subsalicylate- peptol bismol, help to decrease secretion and decrease diarrhea volume
Handwashing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ulcers develop on the lining of the colon, they bleed and can become infected
Can be an autoimmune problem, food allergies, hereditary, bacteria (cause is unknown) Causes problems with mucosa and submucosa of the colon. Causes inflammation. Increased risk of cancer. 15-20 bloody stools per day, no fat present. Lose weight, pain, anemia, fatigue, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause Unknown- usually affects distal illium, very inflamed sections with normal sections in between
Small intestine, transmural, “string effect”- very inflamed sections with normal sections in between
Thickening of wall-Cobblestone Effect
Attacks Intermittent
Malabsorption complication
Non-curative
Usually have 3-4 semi-solid stools a day, sometimes pus and mucous, no blood, fatty stools, can’t flush stool because it floats |
|
|
Term
| Crohn's Disease Treatment |
|
Definition
Diet-Elemental Diet- high in cal, high in nitrogen and protein, fat free, no residue
Medications- bentyl, antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, enteric-coated fish oils, remicade- highly used medication to block cytokines given IV infusion, humera- blocks tumor necrosis factor, antiinflammatory (also used in rheumatoid artheritis)
Surgery
Non-curative
Recurrence high after surgery
Depends on area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pouch-like hernias in colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of hernias
Perforation, abscess, obstruction, hemorrhage
Pain
Fever
Alternating constipation/diarrhea
Increased WBC
Bleeding
Hematochezia- stool that looks black that also has gelled blood
Melana- stools turn black and tarry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Partial or Complete
Mechanical or nonmechanical
Usually Ileum
Prompt Treatment
Obstructions usually happen in the illium, need prompt treatment, usually have nausea and vommiting, vomit bile if it’s in the small intestine, malodorous, abdominal distension, abdomen will get tight and hard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconjugated Bilirubin (indirect-insoluble-protein bound). As indirect bilirubin passes through the liver and is absorbed by hepatocytes-once inside the hepatocyte the bilirubin becomes conjugated (direct) and becomes soluble in bile-excreted through bile ducts into small intestines. Gives feces brown color. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose, fructose, lactose, absorbed from GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of glucose from non-CHO substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron binding protein that has increases affinity for hepatocytes, make feretin which decreases our level of free iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral Route of Infection
Spread by contaminated food and water
Symptoms- 2-3 weeks, come on abruptly
Laboratory Tests- Antigen +, antibody +, AST levels elevated
Nausea, vomiting, Jaunice, Fever
Vaccine
2-3 Week Incubation Period
Should be Isolated
Communicable immediately after infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Route of Infection- Needles, Percutaneous, Oral, Sexual, Perinatal
Spread by inoculation of infected blood or serum
Incubation Period- 20-160 days
Should be isolated
Symptoms come on slowly
Lab tests- Antigen +, antibody +, AST levels elevated
Nausea and vomiting, arthralgis, jaundice
Vaccine, can develop chronic Hep B and become a carrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Route of infection- Percutaneous, Sexual relations (not as common)
Spread through blood contamination
14-160 day incubation period
Should be isolated
Communicable immediate after infected
Symptoms usually start 2 mo. after infected
Don't develop antigens, but will have antibodies to Hep C
Prevelent nausea and vomiting
No vaccine, can develop chronic Hep C, prone to liver cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible, inflammatory process that damages liver structure and function, progressive decrease in blood flow through the liver, cholesterol and fatty acids up, protein production down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid accumulation in the abdomen because the patient is not making albumin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficult to treat, very serious
Increase in pressure within the portal vein from obstruction of blood flow → hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
Esophageal varices, ascites, caput medusae (prominent abdominal veins) and hemorrhoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Icterus (jaundice)-yellowish pigmentation of skin
o Excessive hemolysis of RBCs
o Intra / Extra-hepatic obstruction
o Cirrhosis- complete scarring of the liver |
|
|
Term
| Post Systemic Encephalopathy – PSE |
|
Definition
o Neurologic syndrome
o Asterixis- ask a person to extend their fingers and the fingers shake/twitch
o Biochemical alterations-ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Portal hypertension
Hypoalbuminemia-decreased oncotic pressure
Impaired hormone metabolism-↑ ADH, aldosterone, rennin → Na and water retention
Malnutrition- vitamin deficient, clotting deficient
Hepatorenal Syndrome-
Splenomegaly – thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| Why are multivitamins, thiamine, and Vitamin K given to patients who have alcoholic cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| The liver doesn’t synthesize these things anymore, causing a deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does hypoalbuminemia have on intravascular volume and edema formation? |
|
Definition
| Low oncotic pressure prevents us from keeping fluid intravascular so it gathers in a third space, causing ascities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stores bile and releases into the common bile duct. Holds 20-50 ml of bile. Released into the small intestine when we’re trying to digest fats. |
|
|
Term
| Cholelithiasis – gallstones |
|
Definition
a. Risk Factors-Obesity, middle age, female, Native American
b. Etiology-Cholesterol metabolic defects; obesity; pregnancy
c. Clinical Manifestations-Epigastric pain or RUQ pain, may be referred to mid-upper back, sub scapula; intolerance of fatty foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the gallbladder
a. Gallstones lodged in the cystic duct
b. Clinical Manifestations – pain, fever, leukocytosis, jaundice
c. Complications – Ischemia, necrosis, perforation of gallbladder, pancreatitis, peritonitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Risk factors – ETOH, gallbladder disease, PUD, trauma, hyperlipidemia, drugs, mumps, virus, tumor
b. Etiology – Inflammation, obstruction of pancreatic ducts, acini → leakage of pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) → self-digestion, edema. Pancreatic pseudocyst may develop (pan – creas = eats all).
Labs - ↑ amylase, ↑ lipase, ↑ C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Starts to autodigest itself because of premature activation of its own enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Whipple – Radical Pancreaticoduodenectomy |
|
Definition
for curable lesions of the head of the pancreas.
Includes:
1. Pancreaticojejunostomy
2. Choledochojejunostomy
3. Gastrojejunostomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Obesity
2. Cardiovascular Disease
3. Kidney Disease
4. Vascular Diseases
5. Neuropathies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secrete insulin
Lowers blood glucose by moving glucose into cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secrete glucagon
Raises blood glucose levels by glucogenolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secrete somatostatin
Slows GI activity after eating |
|
|
Term
| Normal Insulin Metabolism |
|
Definition
Regulates the rate of CHO, fat, and protein metabolism
Binds with a receptor on cell membrane, is transported into the cell
Stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Stimulates protein synthesis
Maintains blood glucose within the range of 70 – 120 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insufficient # of beta cells functioning
Delayed or insufficient release of insulin
Insulin resistance
Decreased # of insulin receptor sites |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is an insulin deficiency? |
|
Definition
Glucose is locked out of the cell
Cells become energy depleted
↑ BG exerts a strong osmotic force
ICF becomes dehydrated (fluid is pulled into the ECF)
Glucose eventually spills into urine – glycosuria
Glucose levels need to be AT LEAST 180mg/dl in urine |
|
|
Term
| Casual Plasma glucose level for diagnosis of diabetes (any time of day without regard to time since last meal) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fasting Blood Glucose Level for Diagnosis of Diabetes (no caloric intake for at least 8 hrs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 hr plasma glucose level during an Oral glucose tolerance test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A1C Levels to Diagnose Diabetes |
|
Definition
| ≥ 6.5% tell us % of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose (long term look at glucose) (6.5+ can develop retinopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta cell destruction; absolute insulin deficiency, insulin required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defect in insulin levels, insulin function, and cell receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corticosteroid drugs, cystic fibrosis, organ transplantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effects fetus and neonate. Can cause hyperglycemic shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most abrupt and rapid
Some slow but progressive
Present at ER with ketoacidosis
Weight loss
The 3 “P’s”
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia |
|
|
Term
| Type 1- DKA (high glucose levels) |
|
Definition
Prone to diabetic ketoacidosis
Absence of insulin
Occurs hours → days
Breakdown of FFA for energy → Metabolic Acidosis
Life-threatening
Severe hyperglycemia ( > 300-400 mg/dl)
Metabolic Acidosis
Electrolyte Imbalance: Na, K, PO4
Dehydration
Mental Status Changes: lethargy, coma
Acetone breath
Kussmauls Respirations- deep and rapid
N/V
Arrhythmias
Hypotension
Weakness, muscle flaccidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Potentially Fatal
Emergency treatment required
Continuous IV Insulin infusion
Correct electrolyte imbalances
Potentially Fatal
Emergency treatment required
Continuous IV Insulin infusion
Correct electrolyte imbalances
Goal- A1C levels >7% |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Persistent hyperglycemia associated with relative insulin deficiency
Accounts for 90-95% of DM in US
Autosomal dominant gene on Chromosome 7 & 20
No correlation with HLA type found yet
2 sub-types
Non-Obese and Obese (80% fall here)
Insulin Resistant
produce insulin, but it is ineffective (antibodies are developed, no receptors, etc.)
Beta cell exhaustion
↑ production of hepatic glucose
Insulin levels may be normal, ↑, or ↓
Insulin resistance a problem
# of Insulin receptors may be ↓
May have ↓ tissue response to insulin
Ketosis resistant – some may present with ketosis |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes |
|
Definition
Obesity ( > 20% over ideal body weight)
HTN
Hyperlipidemia
Age > 40 years
Family History +
Race (Native Am, Hispanics, African Am.)
Women with hx GDM or delivery of baby > 9 lbs
Occasional glucose intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insidious (Slowly)
Gradual
May be undetected for years
Marked hyperglycemia (500mg- > 1000mg/dl)
Diagnosed when patient seen for another condition |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manefestations of Type 2 Diabetes |
|
Definition
Fatigue
Irritability
Poor healing
Visual problems-blurring
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Nocturia |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic Management Goals |
|
Definition
Achieve and maintain near normal BG levels (A1C<7% for both type 1 and type 2)
Prevent acute complications
Hypoglycemia (only occurs from medication)
Hyperglycemia
Prevent chronic complications
CV Disease
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Peripheral Neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meal plan based on the individual’s usual food intake and is balanced with insulin and exercise patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emphasis placed on achieving glucose, lipid, and B/P goals
Calorie reduction
Weight loss |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of regular exercise |
|
Definition
Enhances the effects of insulin
↑ the sensitivity of muscle tissue to insulin
↓ BG levels
↑ Weight loss
↓ levels of cholesterol and triglycerides
Monitor BG levels before, during, after |
|
|
Term
| Oral Anti-Diabetic agents |
|
Definition
Patients must have a functioning pancreas!
Sulfonyureas – stimulate beta cells to release insulin
Glyburide (Diabeta, Micronase)
Glypizide (Glucotrol)
Biguanides – increases cell sensitivity to insulin
Metformin
Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors - delays CHO breakdown in gut
Acarbose and Miglitol |
|
|
Term
| Short or rapid acting insulins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intermediate acting insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subjective: weakness, shaky, hungry
Objective: tremors, pallor, tachycardia, diaphoretic, confused, uncoordinated, loss of consciousness, coma, BG < 70 mg/dl
Counterregulatory Hormones:
Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
PREVENTION
10 – 15 gm CHO
Glucagon Injection
IV glucose (D5W)
Recheck BG in 30 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Paradoxical ↓ in BG followed by ↑ BG
Mediated by counterregulatory hormones in response to hypoglycemia
Usually caused by too much insulin
Treatment:
Titrate insulin – decreasing dose slowly |
|
|
Term
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Non-Ketotic State
Type 2 DM |
|
Definition
Extremely high BG (500 - > 3000 mg/dl)
Very dehydrated
Serum Osmolality > 310 mOsm/L
Insidious
Mental Status changes
Excessive thirst
Usually brought on by problem with health: MI, Brain Attack, MVC, etc
Treatment: IV Insulin, Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycemic control AIC < 7%
Preprandial BG 90-130 mg/dl
Postprandial BG < 140 mg/dl
B/P < 130/80 mm Hg
Lipids
LDL < 100 mg/dl
HDL > 40 mg/dl
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased skeletal growth-overgrowth of long bones
occurs in children before epiphyses of bones close
children can grow to 8-9feet tall
rare-early recognition important-treat adenoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Posterior Lobe-neurohypophysis
Hormones
Does not produce any hormones itself
Stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin
Anterior Lobe-adenohypophysis
Synthesizes and releases 7 vital hormones
GH
Prolactin
ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH
MSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oversecretion of 1 or more hormones-usually PRL, GH, occasionally ACTH
Major cause-secreting pituitary tumor (usually benign adenoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually caused by an adenoma
symptoms include:
wide hands, feet
HA
diplopia
lethargy
glucose intolerance
may also result in Diabetes, Cushing's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency of one or more hormones produced by the anterior lobe
Causes of hypopituitarism
hypophysectomy
non-secreting pituitary tumors
pituitary dwarfism
postpartum pituitary necrosis
functional disorders
Symptoms- Dwarfism, Myxedema, sexual/reproductive disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ADH deficiency
Polyuria
May appear suddenly or slowly
Young adult males |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus |
|
Definition
Polyuria
Polydipsia
SG-1.001-1.006
Plasma Osmolality may be okay |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus |
|
Definition
Remove tumor
Give vasopressin tannate
Fluid replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
Opposite of DI
Excessive release of ADH
Associated with oat cell Ca lung, Hodgkins, pancreatic Ca, BI, tumors, meningitis, encephalitis, Guillian Barre, SAH |
|
|
