Term
Considering the sequence of structure through which air enters the pulmonary system, the pharynx is to the trachea as the:
a) bronchioles are to the segmental bronchi
b) alveoli are to the alveolar ducts
c) alveolar ducts are to the respiratory bronchioles
d) respiratory bronchioles are to the alveolar ducts
e) all of the above |
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Definition
| d - respiratory bronchioles are to the alveolar ducts |
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Term
The cilia of the bronchial wall:
a) ingest bacteria
b) trigger the sneeze reflex
c) trap and remove bacteria
d) propel mucus and trapped bacteria toward the oropharynx
e) both a and c |
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Definition
| d - propel mucus and trapped bacteria toward the oropharynx |
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Term
As the terminal bronchioles are approached:
a) the epithelium becomes thicker
b) mucus-producing glands increase
c) the epithelium becomes thinner
d) cartilaginous support increases
e) the smooth muscle layer thickens |
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Definition
| c - the epithelium becomes thinner |
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Term
The left bronchus:
a) is shorter and wider than the right
b) is symmetrical with the right
c) has a course more vertical than that on the right
d) is more angled than the right
e) has more bronchial wall layers than the right |
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Definition
| d - is more angled than the right |
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Term
THe respiratory unit consists of:
a) cilia
b) bronchiolar arteries and veins
c) goblet cells and alveoli
d) respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
e) all of the above |
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Definition
| d - respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
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Term
Alveoli are excellent gas exchange units because of:
a) their large surface area
b) a very thin epithelial layer
c) extensive vascularization
d) b and c
e) a, b, c |
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Definition
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Term
Surfactant:
a) facilitates O2 exchange
b) produces nutrients for the alveoli
c) permits air exchange between alveolar ducts
d) facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration
e) all of the above |
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Definition
| d - facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration |
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Term
During expiration, which relationship is true?
a) as the lung volume decreases, the number of gas molecules increases
b) as the lung pressure increases, the number of gas molecules increases
c) as the lung volume decreases, the pressure increases
d) as the partial pressure increases, less gas will dissolve in a liquid |
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Definition
| c - as the lung volume decreases, the pressure increases |
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Term
When the diaphragm and external intercostal contract:
a) the intrathoracic volume increases
b) the intrathoracic pressure increases
c) the intrathoracic volume decreses
d) none of the above |
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Definition
| a - the intrathoracic volume increases |
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Term
Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the alveolar capillary occurs because:
a) the PaO2 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus
b) the PaO2 is greater in the atmosphere than in the arterial blood
c) Oxygen diffuses faster than CO2
d) the PaO2 is higher in the capillary than in the alveolus |
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Definition
| a - the PaO2 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus |
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Term
In which sequence does PaO2 progressively decrease?
a) blood in aorta, atmospheric air, body tissues
b) body tissues, arterial blood, alveolar air
c) body tissues, alveolar air, arterial blood
d) atmospheric air, aortic blood, body tissues |
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Definition
| d - atmospheric air, aortic blood, body tissues |
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Term
Most O2 is carried in the blood _____; most CO2 is carried in the blood ____.
a) dissolved in plasma; associated with salt or an acid
b) bound to hemoglovin; associated with bicarbonate/carbonic acid
c) combined with albumin; associated with carbonic acid and hemoglobin
d) bound to hemoglobin; bound to albumin |
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Definition
| b - bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate/carbonic acid |
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Term
Alveoli are well-suited for diffusion of respiratory gases because:
a) they are small and, thus, have a small total surface area
b) vascularization is minimal, allowing greater air circulation
c) they contain four thick layers, preventing air leakage
d) they contain surfacant, which helps prevent alveolar collapse |
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Definition
| d - they contain surfactant, which helps prevent alveolar collapse |
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Term
Which ordinarily brings about the greatest increase in the rate of respiration?
a) excess carbon dioxide
b) increased O2
c) increased arterial pH
d) a sudden rise in blood pressure |
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Definition
| a - excess carbon dioxide |
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Term
The major muscle(s) of inspiration is/are the:
a) diaphragm
b) sternocleidomastoid
c) external intercostals
d) internal intercostals
e) both a and c |
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Definition
| e - diaphragm and external intercostals |
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Term
Which of the following increases the respiratory rate?
a) increased PaCO2, decreased pH, decreased PaO2
b) increased PaCO2, increased pH, decreased Pa)2
c) decreased PaCO2, decreased pH, increased Pa)22
d) decreased PaCO2, decreased PH, decreased PaO22 |
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Definition
| a - increased PaCO2, decreased pH, decreased PaO2 |
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Term
The dorsal respiratory group of neurons:
a) sets the automatic rhythm of respiration
b) modifies the rhythm of respiration
c) is active when increased ventilation is required
d) none of the above |
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Definition
| a - set the automatic rhythm of respiration |
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