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| a structural and functional reaction of cells and tissues to injurious agents |
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| an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions. cell is under stress. |
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| decrease in cell size. due to decreased workload, ischemia, nutrition or nervous stimulation. common in muscles, skeleton, heart, brain, secondary sex organs |
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| increase in size of individual cells. |
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| increase due to lifting weights |
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| increase due to things like hypertension |
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| increase to compensate for something like removal of one kidney |
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| increase in number of cells, all cells are identical. |
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| abnormal change in size, shape or organization of mature tissue cells in response to chronic irritation or chronic inflammation. |
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| what is a controlled reproduction of cells and strongly implicated as precursor to cancer |
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| conversion from one mature cell type to another adult cell type, replaced with cells better able to tolerate the injurious stimuli. epithelial tissue |
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| conversion from one mature cell type to another adult cell type, replaced with cells better able to tolerate the injurious stimuli. epithelial tissue |
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| cell is unable to maintain a normal or adaptive steady state in presence of injurious stimuli. |
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| extent of cellular injury depends on |
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| type, state, adaptive processes (neonate, older) and degree of injurious stimuli (blood clot vs. mild artherosclerosis) |
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| highly reactive unstable chemical species that causes cell damage (extra unpaired electron). damages cell membranes, DNA and inactivates enzymes. causes major damage to mitochondria. |
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| ROS (reactive oxygen species) |
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| free radical which induces cellular injury called oxidative stress |
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| condition which occurs when ROS overwhelms endogenous antioxidant system (damages lipids and proteins) |
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| free radicals become a threat to cells when? |
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| inhibit generation of free radicals and limit intensity of free radicals |
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| lack of sufficient oxygen. interupts generation of ATP |
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| cell swelling is not hypertrophy |
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| two patterns of reversible cell injury |
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| cellular swelling and fatty change |
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| impairment of energy dependant Na+, K+ -ATPase membrane pump,usually as a result of hypoxic cell injury |
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| intracellular accumulation of fat, usually indicates severe injury |
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| reversible (oxygen restored) |
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| irreversible (cell death) |
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cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism.
unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity with uncontrolled relase of the products of cell death into extracellular space and initiation of inflammatory response |
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| some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. ex: softening of center of abscess with discharge of its contents. |
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| gray firm mass, acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and protein structures of the cell. (hypoxic injury, infarcted areas) |
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| distinctive form of coagulation necrosis in which dead cells persist indefinitely as soft cheeselike debris. (immune mechanisms) |
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| a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis |
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| part becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles, dark brown or black, spread is very slow, symptoms not as marked as wet gangrene, line of demarcation. results from interference with arterial blood supply to a part without interference with venous return, form of coagulation necrosis. usually exclusive to extremities, could turn to wet if invaded by bacteria |
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| area is cold, swollen and pulseless, skin is moist, black and under tension. blebs form on surface, liquefaction occurs and foul odor is caused by bacterial action. spread is rapid, systematic symptoms severe, death may occur. results from interference with venous return from part. may affect internal organs or extremities. |
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| infection of devitalized tissue by Clostridium bacteria (Clostridium perfringens). usually in trauma and compound fractures in which dirt and debris are embedded. bacteria produce toxins that dissolve cell membranes causing death of muscle cells, massive spreading edema, hemolysis of rbc's, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobin uria and renal failure. bubbles of hydrogen gas form in muscle, serious potentially fatal, antibiotics, surgery and sometimes amputation. |
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| necrosis found in kidneys, heart, adrenal glands, etiology is hypoxia and tissue appears firm and opaque |
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| necrosis found in neurons and glial cells in brain, etiology is ischemic injury and tisse is soft, liquified and walled off (cysts) |
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| necrosis in pulmonary area, etiology is tuberculosis pulmonary infection and tissue resembles clumped cheese, soft and granular |
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| necrosis in breasts, pancreas, and other structures etiology is powerful enzyme called lipase and tissue appears opaque and chalk white |
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| necrosis in lower legs, due to severe hypoxic injury and tissue appears dry, wrinkled dark brown or black |
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| necrosis in internal organs, severe hypoxia with bacterial invasion tissue is cold, swollen, black and there is a foul odor |
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| necrosis in connective tissue, clostridium bacteria, bluish bubbles of gas present |
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