Term
| what are the three sheaths of skeletal m and what do they cover |
|
Definition
epimysium: entire muscle
perimesium: surrounds bundles of fibers
endomesium: surrounds fibers |
|
|
Term
| what three clinicl changes occur in muscle atrophy |
|
Definition
| decreased muscle mass, strength, bone density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disuse of muscle occurs after immobility and aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does m atrophy show histologically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are three conditions that cause m atrophy |
|
Definition
cachexia
congestive heart failure
liver disease |
|
|
Term
| define cachexia, what are three causes |
|
Definition
body wasting syndrome, severe generalized atrophy
cancer, chemo, AIDS |
|
|
Term
| what occurs clinically in m hypertrophy |
|
Definition
| increase in mass of a muscle due to increased stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what are some histological signs of hypertrophy |
|
Definition
large fibrils
more numerous fibrils |
|
|
Term
| what are two conditions that cause m hypertrophy |
|
Definition
exercise hypertrophy
acromeagly |
|
|
Term
| what is affected in acromeagly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the inflammatory myopathies |
|
Definition
infectious myositis
non-infectious myositis (autoimmune) |
|
|
Term
| what are the non-infectious myopathies |
|
Definition
polymositis
dermatositis
inclusion body myositis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation of the muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is polymositis located |
|
Definition
| hip, thigh, upper arm, upper back, shoulder, beck |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of polymositis |
|
Definition
pain, weaness in bilateral proximal muscles (shoulder and palvis)
hip extensors make it difficult to stand from chair or ascend stairs
dysphagia
low fever
peripherial lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| histological signs of polymositis |
|
Definition
endomysial (around fibers) lymphocitic inflammation between muscle fibers
inflammatory cells invade fibers which become more round
skeletal muscle fiber degeneration and regeneration |
|
|
Term
| how is polymositis diagnosed |
|
Definition
CK elevation (marer of m inflammation and damge)
EMG alteration
positive m biopsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT disease related to polymositis
additionally affects joints, esophagus, lungs, sometimes heart |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of dermatotositis |
|
Definition
bilateral proximal m weakness and pain
helitrope/iliac rash
peri-orbital edema
telangestica
gottron lesions
small Ca deposits under skin
25% of adult pt prone to cancer |
|
|
Term
| what and where is a helitrope / iliac rash |
|
Definition
| red purple rash on upper eyelid with itching and swelling, esp over upper eyelids in dermatositis |
|
|
Term
| what and where is a guttron lesion |
|
Definition
| scaly red erruptions on knuckles, elbows, knees in dermatositis |
|
|
Term
| histological signs of dermatositis |
|
Definition
inflammatory cells around blood vessels and perimysial (around bundles)
skeletal m fiber degeneration and regeneration
x-ray dystrophic carcifications in m (specks of white) |
|
|
Term
| how is dermatositis diagnosed |
|
Definition
increased CK
EMG abnormalities
liver enzymes (creatining phosphokinase) assess progression
confirmed by m biopsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who gets inclusion body myositis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define inclusion body myositis |
|
Definition
| slow progressive m weakness asymmatrical |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of inclusion body myositis |
|
Definition
slow progressive weakness of mucles
asymmetric distal m weakness
life expectancy isnt significantly effected
may require cane or wheel chair for long distances |
|
|
Term
| histological signs of inclusion body myositis |
|
Definition
cytoplasmic vacolues with basophillic granules and amyloid
inflammatory cells invate m tissue |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic digns of inclusion body myositis |
|
Definition
elevated CK
EMG abnormalities
muscle biopsy |
|
|
Term
| general cause of muscular dystrophies |
|
Definition
| heterogrnous inherited disorders |
|
|
Term
| who gets muscular dystrophies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general what is the histology of muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
| replacement of muscle tissue by fibrofatty tissue (distinguishes dystrophies from myopathies |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
myotonic dystrophy
duchennes
beckers |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common and most severe muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common less severe muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of duchenne and backer |
|
Definition
XP21 gene that codes for dystrophin which helps with contraction of actin and myosin (have no dystrophin in duchenne some in becker)
1/3 have de novo mutations
2/3 have obligate female carriers (x-linked) that are usually asymptomatic but may have elevated CK or minor histological changes |
|
|
Term
| what is the timeline of symptoms of duchennes muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
babies normal at birth
normal eary motor milestones
walking delayed
wheel chair by 10-12yo
can die in 20s from respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, cardiac decomposition |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of duchenne MD |
|
Definition
weakness begining in pelvic girdle, ascends to shoulder girdle
pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles
CT making them larger
gower's sign
heart failure, arrhythmia
cognative impairment (maybe MR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat in CT in calf muscles
elevated CK
variation in muscle fiber sizes
increased endomysial CT
regenerating fibers |
|
|
Term
| timeline of beckers muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
patients live into 30s
less severe |
|
|
Term
| what causes metabolic myopathy |
|
Definition
glycogen storage diseases
mitochondrial myopathies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myasthenia gravis
lambert eaton syndrome |
|
|
