Term
| What might cause cells to be deprived of oxygen |
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Definition
-poor oxygenated blood (hypoxia)
-poor oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anemia)
-poor delivery of blood to tissue (ischemia) |
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Term
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Definition
| area of ischemic necrosis where all tissue elements are dead |
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Term
| What cellular events lead to necrosis in cases of hypoxia/ischemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors influence how significantly cells/tissue will be affected by ischemia? |
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Definition
-collateral circulation
-metabolic activity of the tissue
-how quickly ischemia developed
-whether ischemia is arterial or venous
-reperfusion injury |
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Term
| How does the appearance of ischemic tissue vary, depending on whether it was caused by arterial or venous damage? |
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Definition
arterial: will be pale at first
vemous: will be dark bc of congested blood |
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Term
| Why is interlobular kidney tissue, or tissue supplied by arcuate arteries in the intestine, more susceptible to infarction? |
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Definition
| they are supplied by the 'end' of an artery, more likely to be affected, don't have collateral supply |
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Term
| Describe the pathologic process that might occur in skin affected by septicemia |
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Definition
-endotoxins damage endothelium of blood vessels
-vessels supplying the skin suffer thrombosis
-infarction in the skin
-lesions become visible |
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Term
| Are intestinal infarcts more likely to be venous or arterial in nature? |
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Definition
| venous, often due to twisting of the intestines creating a kink in venous drainage |
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Term
| What is reperfusion injury / what causes it? |
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Definition
-returning blood flow = more free radical generation and inflammation
-cells that are already experiencing some degeneration (bc of hypoxia) may be pushed past 'the point of no return' and become necrotic |
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Term
| A fibrotic, depressed region on a kidney is most likely due to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Diamond-shaped skin lesions on a pig are most likely due to.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Intestine with a clear margin between normal healthy tissue and dark red tissue has most likely suffered... |
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Definition
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Term
| Large, pale green regions of equine colon are most likely damaged due to... |
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Definition
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Term
| A pig with renal stricture, inability to pass feces and damage to the intestinal mucosa at the end of the GIT most likely suffered from... |
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Definition
| enteric salmonellosis inhibiting arterial blood supply, leading to ischemic necrosis, scarring |
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Term
| Chronic administration of NSAIDs in horses often causes... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two possible causes of ischemic necrosis in an animal's feet? |
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Definition
frostbite -> vasoconstriction -> ischemia
ergotamine toxin -> vasoconstriction -> ischemia |
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Term
| What influences the pattern/type of a necrotic lesion? |
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Definition
-whether the noxious insult was bloodborn or inhaled
-suscpetibility of the cells
(cell metabolism, blood supply) |
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Term
| On necropsy, you see a multifocal random distribution of necrotic areas in the liver of a calf. Was this calf most likely infected by a blood-borne or inhaled infectious agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would cells appear differently in a liver affected by hypoxia? |
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Definition
Zone 1: cells may be swollen/enlarged
Zone 2: cells will show signs of degeneration (eosiniphillic homogenous cytoplasm)
Zone 3: necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| polymerized fibrinogen, forms a thin white layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A lung lesion that runs in a cranioventral pattern was most likely due to an injurious stimulus that was (inhaled / blood-borne). Why? |
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Definition
inhaled
-CV lobes are the first to be exposed to bacteria when air enters the lungs, localized lesions are often due to an inhaled substance |
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Term
| A calf's esophagus is covered in multiple lesions & fibrin. What may have caused this? |
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Definition
| -ulcers leading to necrotic tissue caused by a virus |
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Term
| Why do ulcers typically heal by scarring? |
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Definition
-large area to heal, to repair this area you would need a large number of cells to migrate and cover the surface via regneration
-easier to heal the lesion via fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| You euthanize a young animal with a deformed limb. Necropsy reveals a necrotic area in the growth plate of the femur. What caused this and how is it associated with the limb deformity? |
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Definition
-bacteria likely travelled and settled in the growth plate
-necrosis of one side of the growth plate means that side of the bone would not develop as rapidly
-healthy side of bone will growth more quickly = curved femur (curved towards the necrotic area) |
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Term
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Definition
| necrotic tissue that was left behind (necrotic cells weren't removed) |
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Term
| Why is bone tissue prone to sequestrae? What is the signiicance? |
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Definition
poor blood flow = necrotic region poorly infiltrated by blood = cells not removed
-increases risk of fractures |
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Term
| Why might you see cortical atrophy in the adrenal gland of a dog that has been given corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| exogenous steroids = adrenal gland does not need to produce the same level of steroids itself = cells undergo apoptosis bc lack of use/need |
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Term
| What is capture myopathy? |
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Definition
mineralization of muscle cells often seen when wild animals are trapped, due to massive release of Ca2+ release and muscle exertion, prolonged anaerobic metabolism etc.
-mineralization of cells as a result of necrosis = muscle will appear white on necropsy |
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