Term
| In terms of language, is one hemisphere dominant over the other? |
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Definition
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Term
| The essential function of the cortical language areas is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 important & readily recognized elements of communication (regardless of the particular mode of expression) |
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Definition
1. grammar (obedience to a set of rules)
2. syntax (ordering to generate useful meanings)
3. prosody (providing appropriate emotional valence by varying intensity, rhythm, & pitch) |
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Term
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Definition
| syndromes which diminish or abolish the ability to comprehend and/or to produce language as a vehicle for communicating meaningful statements, while sparing the ability to perceive the relevant stimuli & to produce intelligible words |
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Term
| What is missing in patients with aphasia? |
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Definition
| the capacity to recognize or employ the symbolic value of words correctly; linguistic understanding, grammatical & syntactical organization, and/or appropriate intonation that distinguishes language from nonsense |
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Term
| What was Broca's discovery? |
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Definition
| the loss of the ability to produce meaningful language was associated with damage to the left hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| a region in the left frontal lobe associated with the ability to produce language efficiently |
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Term
| Lesions of the left frontal lobe in a region referred to as Broca's area affect the ability to _____ language efficiently |
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Definition
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Term
| motor aphasia/expressive aphasia (AKA Broca's aphasia) |
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Definition
| lesions in the left frontal lobe that render the patient unable to produce language |
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Term
| Broca's aphasia must be specifically distinguished from _____, which is the inability to properly move the muscles of the mouth, tongue, & pharynx that mediate speaking |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the left temporal lobe causes difficulty _____ spoken language |
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Definition
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Term
| sensory aphasia/receptive aphasia (AKA Wernicke's aphasia) |
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Definition
| damage to the left temporal lobe that render the patient unable to understand spoken language |
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Term
| What are 2 deficits of reading and writing that are separate disorders from Wernicke's aphasia but can arise from damage to related but different brain areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| With what closely linked abilities do most patients with Wernicke's aphasia also struggle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the auditory association cortices in the posterior temporal lobe; generally damaged by receptive aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders that arise from lesions to the pathways connecting the relevant temporal & frontal regions; results in an inability to produce appropriate responses to hear communication even though the communication is understood |
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Term
| How could researchers assess the function of the two cerebral hemispheres independently in terms of language? |
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Definition
| studies of patients whose corpus callosum & anterior commissure were severed as a treatment for medically intractable epileptic seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals whose corpus callosum & anterior commissure were severed; studied by Roger Sperry in 1960's; established the hemispheric lateralization of language without any doubt |
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Term
| Observations using techniques to present visual information to the hemispheres independently is a method called _____ |
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Definition
| tachistoscopic presentation |
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Term
| With which hemisphere do most people better understand language & speak? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe; identified by Norman Geschwind in the 1960's |
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Term
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Definition
| a short-acting anesthetic is injected into the patient's left carotid artery; transiently "anesthetizes" the left hemisphere & thus tests the functional capabilities of the affected half of the brain |
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Term
| What does the Wada test do to the left hemisphere of the brain? |
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Definition
| essentially anesthetizes it |
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Term
| Which hemisphere is "dominant" for language? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how much of the population have the major language functions in the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do PET and fMRI scans show? |
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Definition
| the areas of the brain that are active during a particular task because the related electrical activity increases local metabolic activity & blood flow |
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Term
| When a relatively limited region of the temporal lobe is damaged, language deficits are sometimes restricted to a particular _____ of objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Can language deficits occur following damage to the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the most obvious effect of lesions to the right hemisphere; loss of the normal rhythm, stress, & tonal variation of speech that impart additional meaning to verbal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiencies in prosody; associated with right-hemisphere damage to the cortical regions that correspond to Broca's & Wernicke's areas & related regions in the left hemisphere |
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Term
| The right hemisphere is needed to generate the _____ of everyday speech |
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Definition
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Term
| Do patients with lesions in the right hemisphere have the same sign-language aphasias as patients with lesions in the left hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do offspring of deaf, signing parents, "babble"? |
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Definition
| they babble with their hands in gestures that are apparently the forerunners of mature signs |
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