lymphocytes that make antibodies to attack antigens on parasite coat (humoral immune response)

-     activated by Th2 cells or T-independent antigens

-       transformed into plasma cells, plasmas secrete IgM antibodies

-       if activated by T-ind. Cell, limited to creating IgM (not IgG)

-       immune response enhanced through T-ind cells

-       “Acquired immunity”

white blood cells that play role in immunity

-       send out signals (interleukens) to Th1 sites (cell-mediated responses) and Th2 sites (antibodies responses)

-       Th1 site turns on cytotoxic T cells/macrophage, Th2 activates B cells

cell-signaling protein molecules secreted by cells for intercellular communication

            - signal functions against intracellular pathogens (lysis, digestion, inflammation)

groug of cytokines produced by T cells to signal immune response between cells

group of cytokines expressed by white blood cells for          communication

- T cells send out interleukin signals to Th1 sites (cell-mediated) or Th2 sites (humoral) to activate immune responses

combines antigen antibody complexes

- system that helps “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocyctic cells to clear pathogens

stain dead trypanosomes and mix it with blood, if blood clumps then body has developed antibodies, indicating that the disease is present inside the body

            - can give false-positive, so usually followed up with another diagnostic test such as blood smear or lumbar puncture

clumping of red blood cells in the presence of an antibody

Winterbottom’s sign 

swollen lymph nodes around the neck

-       major sign of african trypanosomiasis disease

-       not every case has swelling around neck, but they will have swelling on other lymph nodes on body

decrease in red blood cell count

-       Normal healthy ~50% red blood cells

-       Trypo infected ~ 20% red blood cells

-       Red blood cells being destroyed because homotype antigen population is being shed, but the red blood cells recognize these antigens and stick to them 

inflammation of glomeruli (kidney), because so much antigen being produced that red blood cells binding to antigens, causes agglutination in glomeruli, causing swelling

-       glomeruli part of kidney is used to filter waste/fluids from blood

-       so much surface coat from parasite is being shed that there is an accumulation of antigens in the glomeruli

-       ton of red bloods cells bind to antigens and accumulate in glomeruli, causing agglutination

-       agglutination red blood cells causes swelling

gamma eradiate adult flies and then release them        into nature, population will not be able to reproduce therefore controlling spread

            - difficult tecniques bc thre are 30 different species of tsetse flies, so you would     have to create/reaise large amount of many different species