Details Title: Parasitology III and IV Description: Malaria and such Total Flash Cards: 92 Created: 04/22/2009 14:09:41		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Fine Art Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Extraintestinal Protozoa Comparison to GI protozoa Definition located in blood/tissue vector borne potentially fatal tropics rare Term T. gondii Definition very common parasite, 5-75% of adults in developed countries Term T. gondii Life Cycle - general facts Definition Cats definite host with other mammals being int. host Sexual repo. only in intestine of cat, leads to env. stable oocyst Repo. intracellular Term T. gondii Life Cycle - how infects humans Definition Cat fecal oocyst and directly infect humans oocysts can be in soil or on veggies and transmitted to humans when gardening or eating veggies oocysts can be consumed by animals and if the meat of these animals is not prepared properly, disease Term T. gondii acute Toxoplasmosis Definition 80-90% asymptomatic symptoms arise after 1 week of exposure lymphadenopathy, headaches, night sweats CNS, eye, lung, lymph system Term T. gondii toxoplasmic enchepalitis Definition AIDS related, defininig illness in 1/6th of AIDS patients. altered mental status, seizures, sensory abnormalities fatal due to pneumnia like infection Term T. gondii acute congenital toxoplasmosis Definition 17% of fetuses if infected in 1st trimetster 65% in third trimester severe neurological abnormalities, hydrocephaly, spontaneous abortion exposure at early ages leads to more severe symptoms. Children can be born normal and have symptoms years later if acquired late in pregnancy Term T. gondii Pathology Definition necrotic lesions large abscesses in brain congenital impair vision myocarditis - heart attack Term T. gondii Diagnosis Definition Hard to diag in slides/biopsy serology over time to show increase in antibodies Term T. gondii Treatment Definition not required for immunocompetent patients pyrimethamine (not to pregnant womenin 1st tri.) and sulfadiazine Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. Definition free living in aquatic env. rare but fatal swimming in creek or lake 95% mortality Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli life cycle Definition cyst trophozoite flagellated forms Term Fee-living amoebae Acanthamoeba spp. life cycle Definition cyts trophozoies no flagellated form Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. transmission Definition Naegleria fowerli olfactor epi. progress to brain Acanthamoeba spp. lower resp. tract/broken skin Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diseases - PAM Definition PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis rare, only few cases/yr motality 95% with in 72 hr mental status changes, sensitivity to light, smell changes slower in acanthamoeba Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diseases amebic keratitis Definition amebic keratitis acanthamoeba only corneal ulcers granulomatous skin lesions Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. pathology Definition diffuse hemorrhage and necrosis of brain in PAM Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. diag. Definition difficult. CSF and brain bioposy no gram stain consider when CSF is neg. for bacterial of fungal agents keratitis when cornal or skin scraings Term Fee-living amoebae Naegleria fowerli Acanthamoeba spp. treatment Definition PAM - b.c so few cases, no known method to treat. amphotericin b, firampicin. Term Plasmodium Malaria Species only infects humans Definition P. falciparum - most common/severe P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale Term Plasmodium Malaria transmission Definition bite of female anopheles mosquite transfusion Term Plasmodium Malaria Symptoms - fever Definition Fever cyclical P. falciparum - most common/severe- 24 hr cycle P. vivax 48 hr cycle P. malariae 72 hr cycle P. ovale not regular cycle Term Plasmodium Malaria Symptoms Definition myalgia, malaise, fatigue, anemia nausea/diarrhea hepatomegaly/splenomegaly (does not ressolve) Neuro in falciparium, headaches, coma organ failure - anemia, reduced o2 delievery, Blackwater fever, dark urine that ressolve with treatment Term Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt In human Definition 1. bite transferes SPOROZOITES 2. migrate to liver, penetrate hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and form MEROZOITES 3. SCHIZOSOMA or asexual repo. in lier through 'exoerythrocyte cycle' 4. MEROZOITES released from liver cell rupture; 5. MEROZOITES infect RBCs, reproduce, lysis, reinfection; some diff. into GAMETOCYTES (sexually competent, opposite of ryan). Term Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt In in mosquito Definition 6. GAMETOCYTE taken up by mosquito 7. replicates in midgut, fert. zygote results 8. meosis forms oocyte 9. sporozoite burst out of oocyst and migrates to salvivary glands of mosquite for reinfection. this stage takes about 2 weeks. Term Plasmodium Malaria Life Cycle - Impt diag. stages Definition ID of ring and schizont forms in blood smears Term Plasmodium Malaria pregnancy associated Definition most adults in endemic areas are immune women become pregnant during pregnancy parasite attaches to capillaries in placenta and restricts blood flow to fetus, spon. abortion Term Plasmodium Malaria drug resistance Definition Chloroquine, cheap and good but completely resistant Term Plasmodium Malaria Diag Definition microscopic exam of thin blodo smears species ID is impt for treatment Term Plasmodium Malaria diag - chart Definition good chart on p. 60 Term Plasmodium Malaria treatment - general Definition 1. treat parasite 2. treat symptoms 3. prevent spread Term Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - endemic areas Definition Endemic areas: drug 1: artemesinins drug 2: non-art anti malarials Term Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - non-endemic areas Definition art. NOW approved for use. chloroquine top choice for uncomplicated and non-resistant strains 1. quinine sulfate + doxy or clind for preggers or resistance Term Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - severe Definition keep patient alive; in US, quinidine Term Plasmodium Malaria treatment - others Definition chloroquine, but some resistance Term Plasmodium Malaria HYPNOZOITE stage Definition vavax and ovale persistent in liver for months to yrs. relapses unresponsive to drugs in dormant stage pyrimaquine effective drugs Term Extraintestinal Protozoa Transmission Definition via intermediate host (arthropod) person to person not possible except with blood transfusions Term Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness characteristics Definition vector born flagellated bloodstream pahtogens have karly staining organelle Testse fly Af. S.S. Term Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Species Definition T. brucei subsepecies gambiensis (West african t.) T. brucei subspecies rhodensiensis (East African t) Term Trypanosomes Symptoms Definition acute: days to wks, ulceration at bite called Trypanosomal chancre systemic: fever, lymph enlargement, CNS involvement: lethargy, headaches, wasting, personality changes, 9-12 mts (East) 2-5 yrs (West) sleeping abnormalities, cant' sleep but always tired Term Trypanosomes Diff. between East and West Definition Both can kill the same. East is more severe and infects quicker. can die in 9 months. b.c it is more severe, it is easier to catch West takes longer, years, and is less severe and can remain subclinical. Term Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Life cycle Definition injected metacyclic rypomastigotes transform to trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission fly takes up from blood meal blood stream trypmastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly's midgut procyclic trypomastigotes transform to epimastigotes epimastigotes multipl in salivry gland Term Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Diag Definition found in blood only early in infection CSF shows trypanosomes, elevated lympcytes and IgM. Serology used Term Trypanosomes African Sleeping Sickness Treatmetn Definition Suramin and pentamidine for blood form, not CNS Melarsoprol (arsenic) (rat poision) for chronic disease Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) characteristics Definition t. cruzi, similar to t. brucei, vector is reduviid, or kissing bug Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Disease Definition lots of carriers, 20 mil. in US, many forms, can lead to heart disease, swelling of heart, often seen in latin immigrants Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Life cycle Definition Different from African version b.c 1. can go into cells 2. does not divide in blood stream can be given in blood transfusions but it is less of a problem. Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) symptoms Definition inflated lesion (chagoma) at bite site, not universal acute: 7-20 days post infection and includes fever, lymphaopathy, hepato/splenomegaly asympto chronic phase: 20-40% no signs of infection sympto chronic phase: (Chronic Chagas Disease) cardiac enlargement, arythmias, blockages, thromboembolism esophagus or colon as well Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) Diag Definition microscopy - blood films but may be hard to detect. must concentrate blood Term Trypanosomes American (Chagas Disease) treatment Definition only acute phase can be treated benznidazole or nifurtimox Term Leishmania cutaneous Definition cutaneous lesion - red papule 2 wk to 2 mt that becomes hyperpigmented at bit site diag. via microscoptic of Giemsa satin skin scrapings. treatmetn with sodium stibogluconate Term Leishmania mucocutanous Definition espundia braziliensis similar to cutaneous but can to go mucosal surfaces, nasophyarynx. cause lots of damage ampho B treatment Term Leishmania visceral Definition kala-azar ro dumdum fever L. donovani bites unappearant, 80-90% of untreated die in 2 yrs, progress in few wk to a year giemsa stain blood for diag serology available treatment - miltefosine Term Babesia characteristics Definition tick bites B. microti most common off eastern seaboard symptoms 1-4 eeeks after infection Term Babesia symptoms Definition malaise, fever, weakness hepatosplenomegaly, anemia Term Babesia diag and treat Definition blood film, larger and darker than plasmodium, x-shape, Maltese cross travel history should differentiate from plasmodium treat unnecessary in most cases clind/quinine indicated. Term Leishmania Characteristics Definition 21 species L. braziliensis Term Today, I had to give a massage to an obese person with rank smelling fungus growing in between their skin folds. They tipped me two dollars. My hands still smell. Definition FML Term Helminths - Worms Types Nematodes Definition roundworms, pinworms, whipworms, filariasis Term Helminths - Worms Types Trematodes Definition flatworms, flukes Term Helminths - Worms Types Cestodes Definition tapeworms, live in meat Term Helminths - Worms Life cycles Definition egg, larval, adults, infection forms are almsot alwasy egg or laval humas host of adult stage complete sexual cycles Term Helminths - Worms Prevention Definition most fecal to oral some from water supply some from incompletely cooked meat Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes  Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)  Epi Definition >10% carriers, crowded conditions (day care, hospital, barricks) children more prone seen in adults with kids Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Life cycle Definition ingestion of eggs on contaminated material. eggs hatch in SI. adult females migrate out of anus at night to sell their sexual services for narcotic and lay eggs. adule 2-13 mm long, females twice as big. Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius symptoms Definition perianal itching unusual: diarrhea, allergies, appendicitis Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Diag. Definition eggs collected with scotch tape. microscopically Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Vermicularis Treatment Definition pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole  treat whole family Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Epi Definition largest, 20-35 cm long extermely common - 25% of wrold fecal to oral symptoms rare in adults no animal reservoir Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Life cycle Definition spit, not swallow. (only time) in SI eggs passed in feces. eggs infection oafter 1-3 weeks in soil adults can live for 1-3 yr 1. inject eggs 2. develop to 2nd stage larvae in SI 3. to in circulation to lungs 4. 10-14 d, develop 5. swallowed 6. develop into adults 7. lay eggs Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Symptoms Definition acute not common in adults kids can't caugh up so seen in sputum, bigger cysts lead to malnutrition Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides Loeffler's syndrome Definition during pulmonarymigration, pneumonitis, coughing, dyspena Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides diag Definition formalin fixed fecal samples, iodine eggs are thick walled eggs amber in color you might poop one out. Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides treatment Definition all infections treated albendazole mebendazole except in pregnant women Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) epi Definition adult 2-4 cm, in colon worldwide carriage is high fecal-oral spread; 2 mil in US Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) life cycle Definition ingest eggs, larvae to adults, eggs in feces require 2-3 wks to be infectious Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) symptoms Definition asymptomatic abdominal pain, secondary bacterial infection appendicitis diarrhea Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) diag Definition eggs in feces eggs oval yellowish with white caps on both sides Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Tricuris trichiura (whipworm) Treatment Definition not necessary for mild infections. Mebendazole Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms Epi Definition very common in tropics 1 mil in us come in contact iwth contaminated soil with feces Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms life cycle Definition eggs form non infective rhabditiform larvae develop into infective filariform larvae in 2 weeks. these can penetrate skin and go to lungs coughed up and swallowed. adults in SI. suck blood from intestinal walls lots of eggs 1-5 years but cannot reproduce in host Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms symptoms Definition lots of blood per day. chronic infection anemia retardation in malnourished children loeffler's syndrome during lung phase Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms diag Definition eggs in feces, thin shelled, non bile stained, oval Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms treatment Definition mebendazole Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) epi Definition tropics, 40 infection rates in endemic areas rural SE US Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) life cycle Definition free living and paracytic females both males only free penetrate skin, lungs to GI, reproduce asexually, eggs that make rhabditiform larvae bassed from feces sexual repro in soil Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) symptoms Definition asymptomatic loeffler's during lung phase heave worm burden cause occulsion of bile or pancreatic ducts Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) hyperinfection Definition repeated cycles of autoinfection can become life threatenint if host is immunocompromised. mortality hight, larvae can migrate to most organ systems Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) diag. Definition rhabditiform larae in feces transparent eggs rarely seens concentration methods smallest larae Term Helminths - Worms Nematodes strongylodiasis (threadworms) treatment Definition ivermectin albendazole Term 91 Long Flashcards Definition FML Term Winterbottom Sign Definition Enlargement of Posterior Cervical Lymph Node