Term
| How many pairs of wings do biting flies have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of skin reaction is caused by biting flies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What general type of parasite can be vectored by Aedes spp.? |
|
Definition
| helminth parasites (ie. Dirofilaria immitis) |
|
|
Term
| True or False, are biting flies only active during daylight? |
|
Definition
| False (ie. mosquitoes are active at dusk) |
|
|
Term
| What type of habitat is associated with the larvae of biting flies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What general type of parasite can be vectored by Anopheles spp.? |
|
Definition
| protozoal parasites (ie. Plasmodium spp.) |
|
|
Term
| What species of fly is a vector for Habronema spp. in horses? |
|
Definition
| Musca domestica (housefly) |
|
|
Term
| True or False, do muscid flies only occur indoors? |
|
Definition
| False (ie. horn and facefly are pasture breeders) |
|
|
Term
| stable, house, horn, and face flies all belong to which category of fly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species is a mechanical vector for Moraxella bovis (pinkeye)? |
|
Definition
| Musca autumnalis (Facefly) |
|
|
Term
| Where does Haemotobia irritans (hornfly) breed? |
|
Definition
| in fresh cattle dung pats only |
|
|
Term
| What type of mouthparts do Anoplura spp. have? |
|
Definition
| piercing and sucking mouthparts |
|
|
Term
| In what group of lice is the head narrower than the first thoracic segment? |
|
Definition
| Anoplura spp. (sucking lice) |
|
|
Term
| What are nits and how are they associated with the host? |
|
Definition
| nits are lice eggs, they are glued to the hair shaft of the host |
|
|
Term
| What type of treatment route(s) can be used to control Anoplura spp? |
|
Definition
| systemic and topical insecticides |
|
|
Term
| True or False, lice are very host specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, all members are wingless |
|
|
Term
| What species of lice have broad rounded heads that are larger than the first thoracic segment? |
|
Definition
| Mallophaga spp. (chewing lice) |
|
|
Term
| What do Mallophaga spp. eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of treatment route(s) can be used to control Mallophaga spp? |
|
Definition
| topical insecticides only |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the clinical disease caused by lice infestation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of the flea life-cycle can be controlled using drugs like lufenuron and diflubenzuron? |
|
Definition
| Immature fleas in the envrionment, lufenuron and diflubenzuron are chitin inhibitors (ie. developmental inhibitors) |
|
|
Term
| Do flea collars and ultrasonic devices provide good flea control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of the flea life-cycle can be controlled using drugs like imidaclopramide and fipronil? |
|
Definition
| These drugs are applied directly to the host animal to kill adult fleas, imidaclopramide (advantage) and fipronil (frontline) are both nerve poisons |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components necessary for good flea control? |
|
Definition
1. Eliminate adult fleas from the host
2. Remove other life-cycle stages from the environment |
|
|
Term
| Where in the environment can flea larvae and pupae exist that is protected from most insecticides? |
|
Definition
| deep under the pile of carpet |
|
|
Term
| Ctenocephalides felis can be a biological vector for what species of tapeworm? |
|
Definition
| Dipylidium caninum (cucumber seed tapeworm) |
|
|
Term
| If an animal has flea bite hypersensitivity, how many fleas are necessary to induce clinical manifestation?T |
|
Definition
| Just 1 flea can induce the hypersensitivity reaction in susceptible individuals |
|
|
Term
| True or False, adult fleas are laterally compressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False, flea pupae may delay emergence in order to wait for a suitable host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Sarcoptes spp. live off their host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of treatment route(s) can be used to control Sarcoptes spp? |
|
Definition
| Topical and injectable acaricides |
|
|
Term
| Can you diagnose sarcoptic mange with skin scrapings? |
|
Definition
| yes (according to Dr. Moon....) |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of legs to adult Sarcoptes spp. mites have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pedicles are present on Sarcoptes spp? |
|
Definition
| long unsegmented pedicles |
|
|
Term
| Where do female Sarcoptes spp. mites live? |
|
Definition
| they burrow in the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| Sarcoptes spp. cause important clinical disease in what two species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to Knemidocoptes gallinae live? |
|
Definition
| K. gallinae (depluming mite) burrow into the skin alongside feather shafts |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the sarcoptiform mite species that infest birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species of Psoroptes mites has been eradicated from the US, and is reportable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Psoroptes spp. live on the host? |
|
Definition
| mites live on the skin at the base of hairs, they do NOT burrow |
|
|
Term
| Psoroptes cuniculi can cause otitis in what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pedicles are present on Psoroptes spp. mites? |
|
Definition
| Long, segemented pedicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the most useful morphological distinction used to identify Cheyletiella spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Cheyletiella spp. host specific? |
|
Definition
| No, zoonotic potential (ie. cat to human) |
|
|
Term
| True or False, transmission of Demodex canis is well understood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Demodex spp. host specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug can you use to treat Demodex infestations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two morphological features are found only in ticks and not in mites? |
|
Definition
| Haller's organ, and a toothed hypostome |
|
|
Term
| What tick life-cycles stage(s) have a partial scutum? |
|
Definition
| Larvae, nymphs, and adult females |
|
|
Term
| Ticks serve as intermediate hosts for what general species of parasites? |
|
Definition
| Protozoa (ie. Theileria spp. and Babesia spp.) |
|
|
Term
| What tick life-cycle stages have 4 pairs of legs? |
|
Definition
| adults and nymphs (larvae have 3 pairs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the defining/diagnostic morphological feature of Ixodid ticks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what family of ticks is the capitulum visible from the dorsal aspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False, Ixodid ticks may have either short mouthparts (brevirostrata) or long mouthparts (longirostrata) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many larval and nymphal stages to Ixodid ticks have? |
|
Definition
| a single larval stage, and a single nymphal stage |
|
|
Term
| Most Ixodid ticks have a __ host life-cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascending and symmetrical paralysis due to a neurotoxin the in the tick's saliva, reversible if the tick is removed |
|
|
Term
| What species of Ixodid tick has a one host life-cycle? |
|
Definition
| Dermacentor albipictus (Winter tick, DH: moose) |
|
|
Term
| Ixodes scapularis is a vector for what disease? |
|
Definition
Lyme disease
(Ixodes scapularis is the blacklegged tick) |
|
|
Term
| What type of climate is required by Argasid ticks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name and appearance of Argasid ticks? |
|
Definition
| Soft ticks, appear leathery |
|
|
Term
| What life-cycle stage of Otobius megnini feeds on the host? |
|
Definition
| Otobius megnini (Spinose ear tick) feeds only as a nymph |
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei are present in fully developed cysts of Entamoeba histolytica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei are present in fully developed cysts of Entamoeba coli? |
|
Definition
| 8 nuclei, Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic comensal of primate GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba invadens causes anorexia and bloody diarrhea in what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery? |
|
Definition
| Entamoeba histolytica (10-20% of human infections are asymptomatic) |
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolytica can cause abscesses in what organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiologic agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species of amoeba has a huge nuclear endosome that resembles a bull's eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What environment is associated with Naegleria fowleri? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical route of infection of Naegleria fowleri? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas foetus causes venereal disease and early abortions in what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Trichomonas foetus maintained in bulls? |
|
Definition
| In the preputial cavity, infection in bulls is usually asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| What are some morphological characteristics of Trichomonas foetus? |
|
Definition
| three anterior flagella and an undulating membrane |
|
|
Term
| What current management process has significantly decreased the prevalence of Trichomonas foetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas gallinae is very common in what species of birds? |
|
Definition
| Adult pigeons (raptors can be infected from preying upon infected pigeons) |
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas gallinae is most pathogenic in birds of what age? |
|
Definition
| young birds, spread via 'pigeons milk' from the crop |
|
|
Term
| True or False, there are significant differences in virulence between strains of Trichomonas gallinae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histomonas meleagridis infection can be asymptomatic in _____, but very pathogenic in _______ |
|
Definition
asymptomatic in chickens
very pathogenic in turkeys |
|
|
Term
| Histomonas meleagridis causes pathognomonic necrotic lesions in what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite serves as the intermediate host for Histomonas meleagrids? |
|
Definition
| Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm) |
|
|
Term
| How does Histomonas meleagridis reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best diagnostic method to identify Giardia cysts in the feces? |
|
Definition
| Centrifugal flotation with zinc sulfide |
|
|
Term
| Can Giardia trophozoites survive for long periods of time outside of the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the typical characteristics of diarrhea caused by Giardia infection. |
|
Definition
| Malodorous mucusy diarrhea with gas, (hematochezia is rare, ie. no blood) |
|
|
Term
| Does interspecies transmission of Giardia occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of the Coccidia life-cycle? |
|
Definition
| shizogony/(merogony), gametogony, and sporogony |
|
|
Term
| Are Coccidia spp. monoxenous (1 host)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sporocysts are present in sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp.? |
|
Definition
| 4 sporocysts, each containing 2 sporozoites |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary diagnostic stage for Coccidian spp.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sprocysts are present in sporulated oocysts on Isospora spp.? |
|
Definition
| 2 sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most pathogenic species of bovine Coccidia? |
|
Definition
| Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuerni |
|
|
Term
| How many generations of shizogony do Coccidia spp. undergo prior to gametogony? |
|
Definition
| 2 generations of shizogony |
|
|
Term
| What is the only genus of Coccidia found in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Coccidia spp. oocysts sporulate inside the host? |
|
Definition
| No (unsporulated oocysts in FRESH feces) |
|
|
Term
| Monensin, lasalocid, and sulfa drugs can all be used to treat what bovine parasite? |
|
Definition
| Bovine Coccidia (e. bovis and e. zuerni) |
|
|
Term
| Are there species of Coccidia that live as commensals within the host? |
|
Definition
| No, all members are parasitic |
|
|
Term
| Are Eimeria spp. host specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species of Coccidia affects horses, and is it common in MN? |
|
Definition
| Eimeria leuckarti, uncommon in MN |
|
|
Term
| What is the most pathogenic of chicken coccidia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eimeria tenella is most pathogenic at what age, and where are the primary lesions? |
|
Definition
| Most pathogenic in young birds (older birds develop immunity), primarily damages the cecum (due to enlargement of secondary shizonts) |
|
|
Term
| How is Eimeria tenella transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Through ingestions of sporulated oocysts (sporulation occurs OUTSIDE of host) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important determining factor of the severity of Eimeria tenella infection? |
|
Definition
| The size of the infecting dose (ie. ingested, sporulated oocyts) |
|
|
Term
| Are Cryptosporidium spp. host specific? |
|
Definition
No (ie. C. parvum infects all mammamls)
(caveat: birds are affected by DIFFERENT spp. of Crypto than mammals) |
|
|
Term
| What is the best treatment for Cryptosporidium spp. infections? |
|
Definition
| None, there is no treatment and infection is usually self limiting |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of transmission for Cryptosporidium spp. infection? |
|
Definition
| fecal oral, ingestion or aspiration of oocysts |
|
|
Term
| How big are Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts? |
|
Definition
| Very small, 3-5 microns in diameter |
|
|
Term
| What are two professions at higher risk of contracting Cryptosporidium? |
|
Definition
| Veterinarians and daycare workers |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical sign of Cryptosporidium infection in calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma spp. cause most severe infections in in individuals with what primary deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Immunocompromised individuals |
|
|
Term
| Are herbavores the definitive host for Sarcocystis spp.? |
|
Definition
| No, predators are the definitive host |
|
|
Term
| True or False, Sarcocysts spp. have an obligatory two host life-cycle (heteroxenous) |
|
Definition
True
DH: predators
IH: herbavores (large shizonts in muscle tissue aka sarcocysts) |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiologic agent of Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Sarcocystis infection in the definitive host? |
|
Definition
| individual sporulated sporocysts shed in feces (ie. NOT intact oocysts) |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma spp.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do cats shed Toxoplasma oocysts? |
|
Definition
| 1-2 weeks (vaccines and previous exposure prevent oocyst shedding) |
|
|
Term
| Is congenital infections of Toxoplasma spp. possible? |
|
Definition
| Yes, transplacental transmission of tachyzoites does occur |
|
|
Term
| How many sporocysts are present in sporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma spp? |
|
Definition
| 2 sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites |
|
|
Term
| Where can Toxoplasma cause disease in immunocompromised humans? |
|
Definition
| CNS (human infection via ingestion of sporulated oocysts) |
|
|
Term
| Where can Toxoplasma cause disease in immunocompromised humans? |
|
Definition
| CNS (human infection via ingestion of sporulated oocysts) |
|
|
Term
| What species is the definitive host for Neospora caninum and what clinical signs might infected individuals present? |
|
Definition
| Dogs are the definitive host, infection can cause ascending hind limb paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What is a consequence of Neospora caninum infection in cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate tissue cysts caused by Neospora as compared to tissue cysts caused by Toxoplasma? |
|
Definition
| The tissue cysts formed by Neospora have thicker walls than those formed by Toxoplasma (note: these species CANNOT be differentiated by the size of their sporulated oocysts) |
|
|
Term
| Where do tissue cysts of Neospora caninum form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vector and definitive host for Plasmodium spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the paroxysms seen in humans infected with malaria? |
|
Definition
| the synchronous release of merozoites and toxins from red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| True or False, periodicity of paroxysms varies between different species of malaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region has the greatest risk of human malaria infection? |
|
Definition
| tropics and sub-tropics (ie. no longer a cosmopolitan disease but still one of the most important human diseases on the planet today) |
|
|
Term
| In what species does Plasmodium spp. undergo sporogony? |
|
Definition
| Anopheles mosquito (ie. DH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for Leucocytozoan? |
|
Definition
| Blackflies (ie. Simulium spp.) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the gamonts of Leucocytozoon simondi (waterfowl, malaria) located? |
|
Definition
| red and white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| In what species and age is Leucocytozoon smithi most pathogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species act as vectors for Haemoproteus spp. (non-pathogenic, avian malaria)? |
|
Definition
| Hippoboscid flies and Culicoides spp. (biting midges) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the gamonts of Haemoproteus spp. located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of parasites do Babesia spp. belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Babesia spp. are highly pathogenic in most hosts, but the highest mortality is seen in hosts of what age? |
|
Definition
| highest mortality in ADULTS |
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of transmission of Babesia spp. are possible in the tick (DH)? |
|
Definition
| stage-to-stage (ie. nymph --> larvae) as well as transovarian |
|
|
Term
| What group of scientists discovered that Babesia bigemina (Texas cattle fever) was transmitted by the tick Boophilus annulatus? |
|
Definition
| Smith, Kilborne, and Curtis |
|
|
Term
| What are three clinical signs associated with Babesia spp. infection? |
|
Definition
| severe anemia, edema, and icterus (due to hemolysis of red blood cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity provided from continuous low grade infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector and definitive host for Theileria parva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of transmission of Theileria parva are possible in the tick (DH)? |
|
Definition
| Stage-to-stage transmission (ie. NO transovarian for Theileria) |
|
|
Term
| Balantidium coli is a commensal organism in what domestic species? |
|
Definition
| Swine, pathogenic only secondary to other insults |
|
|
Term
| Does Balantidium coli require an intermediate host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Balantidium coli infection? |
|
Definition
| large ciliate cysts float readily in any common fecal flotation solution |
|
|
Term
| What is the free living infective stage of Ichthyophthirius multifilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of Ichthyopthirius multifilis live in galleries within the epidermis, grossly appreciable as white spots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eimeria truncata is highly pathogenic in what species, and where? |
|
Definition
| highly pathogenic in geese, located in the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What species of Coccidia causes neonatal swine diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Isospora suis, Trichinella spiralis, Macracanthorynchus hirudinaceus are all found in what species, in what organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi is found in what species, in what organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis, Baylisascaris procyonis, Toxascaris leonina, Dipetalonema reconditum have what common definitive host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetrameres spp., Ascaridia galii, Heterakis gallinarum are adult nematodes found only in what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common morphological feature of these helminths: Chambertia ovina, Strongylus edentatus, Ancylostoma caninum |
|
Definition
| all have a large buccal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where are the hypobiotic larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi located? |
|
Definition
| within the gastric glands of the abomasal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Hypobiosis occurs during what time of year in the Northern US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What histological lesion may be caused by ruminant parasites? |
|
Definition
| blunting of intestinal vili |
|
|
Term
| What killed the young child in the "Last Autopsy"? |
|
Definition
| aberrant migration of ascaris suum/ascaris lumbricoides larvae contaminated with GI bacteria to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What parasite caused illness in humans in "Night on Bear Mountain"? |
|
Definition
| Trichinella spiralis (from eating undercooked PORK) |
|
|
Term
| Martina Navratilova falls ill due to what parasite in "Steak Tartare Defense"? |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasma gondi (in undercooked BEEF) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the morphological characteristics of Sheep keds (Hippoboscid flies) |
|
Definition
| dorsoventrally flattened wingless flies with sucking mouthparts |
|
|
Term
| Clorsulon and Albendazole are used to control what type of parasite in sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compounds can be used to remove hypobiotic cattle nematodes? |
|
Definition
| Ivermectin and albendazole |
|
|
Term
| What compounds can be used to remove roundworms in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Fenbendazole and febantel |
|
|
Term
| What compounds are useful against tapeworms in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Epsiprantel and fenbendazole |
|
|
Term
| Helminth parasites elicit what type of T-Cell response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fenbendazole is an example of what duration anthelminthic drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tracer calves used for? |
|
Definition
| tracer calves are used to monitor pasture parasite burdens |
|
|
