Term
Study of adult versus child development
in physical and motor function
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Definition
¢Infancy – adolescence:
lMany biological changes
¢Adults:
lSocial events have more impact |
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Term
| What are mile markers for young adulthood? |
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Definition
- Marriage
- "reaching 21"= drinking/ new responsibilites
- startign a family/ having a baby
- starting the work force
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Term
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Definition
Group of people who:
•Can be demographically identified by biological trends
•Have shared experiences |
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Term
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Definition
¢Man reaches North Pole
¢San Francisco earthquake
¢Model T |
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Term
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Definition
¢Gandhi passive resistance movement in India
¢World War I
¢Titanic sinks
¢Panama canal opens
¢Assembly line |
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Definition
¢King Tut’s tomb discovered
¢Charlie Chaplin
¢Stock market crashes
¢Prohibition era |
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Definition
¢Al Capone jailed
¢Jesse Owens wins gold at Olympics
¢The Great Depression |
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Definition
¢Pearl Harbor bombed
¢Atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki
¢World War II
¢Gandhi assassinated
¢Penicillin |
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Definition
¢Polio vaccine
¢Cold War
¢U.S. gains two states
¢Elvis
¢Barbie; Frisbee; drive-ins; Hula hoops |
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Definition
¢Civil right movements
¢Woodstock
¢Assassination Kennedy brothers and Martin Luther King
¢Vietnam
¢The Beatles |
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Definition
¢M*A*S*H
¢Gas shortages
¢“Star Wars”
¢Disco
¢Water Gate |
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Definition
¢Ronald Reagan
¢MTV
¢AIDS
¢“E.T.”
¢Chernobyl
¢Berlin Wall torn down |
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Definition
¢World Wide Web (WWW)
¢Death of Princess Diana
¢Cloning
¢Clinton impeachment
¢U.S.S.R. breakup
¢Michael Jordan retires |
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Term
| 2000's generation (2000-2010) |
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Definition
¢9/11
¢iPhone
¢Tsunamis
¢Iraq/Afghanistan wars on terror
¢Mars Rover
¢First Black President: Barak Obama |
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Term
| Biological changes of young adulthood |
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Definition
¢Begins in the mid- to late-twenties
•Senescence
•Asynchronous |
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Term
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Definition
¢Has increased significantly over the past century
¢Females live 4 to 7 years longer than men
¢Average lifespan
¢Leading causes of death |
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Term
Theories of Biological aging
¢DNA/Body Cells |
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Definition
l“Genetic programming”
l“Random events”
l“Free Radical” |
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Term
Theories of Biological aging
Organs/ Tissues |
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Definition
lCross-linkage theory
lEndocrine system
lImmune system
lWear and tear theory |
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Term
| Physical Functioning in early adulthood |
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Definition
decline is slow throughout young adulthood |
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Term
¢Studies show that athletic skill |
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Definition
peaks between 20 and 30, then declines |
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Term
| Physical Functioning (at early adulthood) |
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Definition
¢Peak physical strength
¢Maximum cardiac output reached
¢Sharp decrease in vital capacity
¢Basal metabolic rate decreases |
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Term
Immune System at early adulthood |
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Definition
lEffectiveness declines after age 20
lThymus response decreases
lEffect of stress |
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Term
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Definition
special type of DNA, located at the ends of chromosomes that shorten over time (eventually till so little remains that cells no longer can duplicate)
results in "aging genes" theory |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of O2 |
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Term
| cross linkage theory of aging |
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Definition
| over time protein fibers that make up the body's connective tissue form bonds or links, with each other. When thee normally separate fibers cross-links, tissue becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes. |
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Term
| examples of cross linkage theory effects |
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Definition
| loss of flexability in the skin, or other organs, clouding of the lens of the eye, clogging of arteries and damage to kidneys |
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Term
| Effect of the endocrine system (Biological aging) |
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Definition
* decrease in estrogen = menopause
* decrease in Growth Hormone= loss of muscle and bone mass, addition of fat, thinning of skin & decline in heart functioning |
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Term
declines in immune system
(biological aging) |
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Definition
increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancer
* changes to blood vessel walls associated with cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| Better education correlates with less health problems because..... |
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Definition
- Afford insurance for preventative medicine
- Increased awareness of healthful practices
- Increased money for diet/exercise
- Different stressors |
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Term
| Living in Poverty can result in |
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Definition
- Decreased preventive care/decreased access to health care
- Decreased money for healthy diet
- Increased stress- HTN, ulcers, heart conditions |
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Term
| 90 percent of young adults are sexually active by age |
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Definition
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Term
| trends in committed relationships are |
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Definition
- People are marrying later
- Many live together prior to deciding whether to marry
- Sexual activity increases in 20’s, then declines in 30’s |
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Term
| Interventions for the Overweight |
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Definition
- Low fat diet plus exercise
- Training to be accurate with record of intake
- Social support
- Teaching problem solving skills
- Extended interventions to foster new habits |
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Term
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Definition
| its largest in the teen yrs then shrinks until it is nearly undetectable by age 50. |
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Term
| effects on the immune system during early adulthood |
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Definition
*withering of the thymus
* nervous/ endocrine system effects (i.s. psychological stress decreases effectiveness) |
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Term
| the cause of decline in female fertility |
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Definition
| largely due to reduced # & quality of ova |
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Term
| the leading causes of death in early adulthood |
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Definition
1) unintentional injuries
2) Cancer
3) Cardiovascular disease
4) Suicide
5) Homicide
6) AIDS |
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Term
| THE leading cause of death in early adulthood |
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Definition
| unintentional diseases accounts for around 37% |
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Term
| These show strong and continuous relationships with almost every disease and health indicator |
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Definition
| Income, education and occupational status |
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Term
| Why are SES disparities in health and mortality lager in the US than in other industrialized nations? |
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Definition
| Besides the lack of universal health insurance, poverty-stricken U.S. families have lower incomes than those classified as poor in other countries |
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Term
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Definition
| a greater than 20% increase over average body weight, based on age, sex and physical build |
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Term
| Piaget’s last stage” (Post-Piagetian) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Takes into account the increasing complexity of adult thinking
- Mature adult thinkers connect reason with emotional and social reality
- Ability to cope with contradiction |
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Term
| 2 parts of Post formal thought (Piaget) |
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Definition
- Dualistic Thinking
- Relativistic Thinking |
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Term
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Definition
* Seattle Longitudinal Study
- Studied intellectual development of 21 – 70 year olds
- Used combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs |
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Term
| Schaie’s longitudinal Research study results |
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Definition
No decline in general intellectual capacities, actually a systematic increase in intelligence
*** Slow decline in late adulthood |
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Term
| Schaie’s Research looks at early adulthood as the .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Achieving Stage (Schaie’s Theory) |
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Definition
* Early adulthood
* Achievement of long-term goals
* Must consider the context of the problem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid intellegence will ________ while crystalized intellegence will ________ across the livespan |
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Definition
decrease at early adulthood
keep increasing into late adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
* Need to focus on concrete situations in adulthood
* Use pragmatic thought to solve real-world problems
* Acceptance of inconsistencies |
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Term
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Definition
* Expertise- acquires specialized knowledge
* Expertise leads to creativity |
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Term
| Perry’s Theory on the "college years" |
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Definition
- Dualistic thinking
- Multiplicity
- Relativistic thinking |
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Term
| Perry's theory --> Dualistic thinking |
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Definition
- Info divided into separate units then compared to abstract standard
- “black and white”, “good and bad”
- Right answers for everything |
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Term
| Perry's theory--> Multiplicity |
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Definition
* Honors diverse views
* shift to student who is independent thinker |
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Term
| Perry's theory--> Relativistic thinking |
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Definition
*Emphasis on evidence and supporting arguments
*Typical of older college students/grad |
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Term
| Vocational development begins in childhood |
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Definition
- Fantasy period (early and middle childhood)
- Tentative period (early and middle adolescence)
- Realistic period (late adolescence and early adulthood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Major life decision of young adulthood |
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Term
| the order of vocational development |
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Definition
| fantasy, tentative and realistic period |
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Term
| Factors that effect vocational choice |
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Definition
social, environmental, intellectual factors like:
Personality
Family
Teachers/Coaches
Gender stereotypes
Access to information |
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Term
| Holland’s 6 Personality Types |
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Definition
Investigative
Social
Realistic
Artistic
Conventional
Enterprising |
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Term
| acronym for Holland's 6 Personality Types |
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Definition
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Term
| Parental influence on vocational choice |
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Definition
* Highly correlated with choice of parents
* Parenting practices
* Encouragement |
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Term
| Gender stereotypes that affect vocational choice |
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Definition
* Women demonstrate increased involvement in careers traditionally held by men
* Women continue to work in the traditional feminine roles |
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Term
| Non-Masculine Professions |
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Definition
ex: Nursing, airline stewards, school teachers, librarians
-- False assumptions |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> investigative |
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Definition
| enjoys working with ideas likely to select a scientific occupation (physicist or engineer) |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> social |
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Definition
| wants to interact with people, gravitates toward human services (counseling, social work) |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> realistic |
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Definition
| prefers real-world problems and working with objects, tends to choose a mechanical occupation (construction or plumbing) |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> artistic |
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Definition
| emotional and high in need for individual expression (visual arts, or music) |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> conventional |
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Definition
| well-structured tasks and values material possessions and social status, has traits well-suited to certain business fields (accounting or banking) |
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Term
personality effect
on vocational choice --> enterprise |
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Definition
| adventurous, persuasive and a strong leader, drawn to sales and supervisory positions or to politics |
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Term
| Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation |
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Definition
Commitment to a life partner
Balance independence and intimacy
Generativity |
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Term
| Levinson’s Theory (focus) |
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Definition
The Seasons of a Man’s Life (1978)
The Seasons of a Woman’s Life (1996)
-Development made up of distinct “eras”
-Each era begins with a transition
Life Structure
-Structure building period |
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Term
Levinson’s Theory
early adulthood transition (17-22yrs) |
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Definition
Image of self established to guide future decision making
Men- career oriented
Women- combination of career and family/marriage |
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Term
Levinson’s Theory
structure of early adulthood (22-28yrs) |
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Definition
explore possibilities
create a stable life structure |
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Term
| Levinson’s Theory --> age 30 transition |
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Definition
*Re-evaluation of life structure
*Attempt to change components that they find inadequate
Women- more individualistic goals
Men- “settling down” |
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Term
Levinson’s Theory
Culminating Life Structure for Young Adulthood --> 33 to 40 |
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Definition
Tries to establish a niche in society
Develop competence and become valued |
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Term
| Critique of Levinson’s Theory |
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Definition
Based mostly on people born in 1920’s-1940’s
Only a few low-SES persons included (no low-SES women)
Interviews occurred while participants were middle-aged - may not have remembered accurately |
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Term
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Definition
Age-graded expectations for life events
How closely you are “on time” will effect your self-esteem, ALTHOUGH, expectations are not as rigid as they once were |
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Term
| Relationships in adulthood--> selecting a life partner |
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Definition
Typically are similar in age, ethnicity, SES, attitude, personality, education, attractiveness
Similarity/Compatibility results in longer relationships |
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Term
| Relationships in young adulthood--> 3 components of love |
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Definition
Intimacy (emotional)
Passion (physical)
Commitment (cognitive) |
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Term
Relationships in young adulthood-->
Beginning of relationship = |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships in young adulthood--> passionate love gives way to... |
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Definition
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Term
Relationships in young adulthood-->
Maintaining a relationship requires... |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships in young adulthood--> friendship |
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Definition
- Have many commonalities
- Sharing thoughts and feelings (often greater than in marriage)
- Men report less intimacy in same-sex friendships |
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Term
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Definition
Americans marrying at later ages than 50 years ago
More people delay first marriage (remain single or cohabitate)
More “mixed” marriages in terms of race and religion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Men more “satisfied” than women
- Women more affected by problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a good marriage means both partners are happy all the time |
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Term
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Definition
- Less married couples are having children
- Smaller family sizes
- Women who identify with traditional gender roles more likely to have children |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
* Decline in marital satisfaction following childbirth
* Older couples tend to have less difficulty sharing responsibilities
* small family size is beneficial |
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Term
Diverse lifestyles
(in relationship status) |
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Definition
Singlehood
Cohabitation
Childlessness
Divorce/Remarriage |
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Term
| Singlehood in early adulthood |
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Definition
“Never-Marrieds”
Urban Tribes
Single as a choice |
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Term
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Definition
- huge increase in these types of couples
- Preparation or alternative to marriage |
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Term
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Definition
Voluntarily childless (don't want children, they are satisfied)
Involuntarily childless (infertility, usually unhappy/ feel unfulfilled) |
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Term
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Definition
50% of all marriages end in divorce
Consequences of divorce
- feeling of "loss" (of lifestyle, of having the intimate partner) |
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Term
| currently in society the Middle-age adults are comprised of the |
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Definition
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Term
| By 2020 the elderly population will increase to |
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Definition
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Term
| By 2050 the elderly population will increase to |
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Definition
79 million,
(more than double its present size) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| physical development in Middle adulthood |
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Definition
- Decline in physical functioning begins in young adulthood
- Accelerates in middle age
- New focus on slowing this decline |
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Term
| physical development in Middle adulthood--> Vision |
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Definition
Presbyopia
Poor night vision
Decreased color discrimination
“Floaters” |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased ability to focus on small print
(as a resutl of old age) |
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> hearing |
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Definition
- Presbycusis
- Initial hearing loss at high frequencies
- Men’s hearing declines faster then women |
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> skin |
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Definition
- Wrinkling and loosening of skin due to changes in skin layers
- Decreased elasticity
- “age spots”
- Sun exposure |
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Term
| who is more likely to loss hearing 1st? (man or woman) |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> muscle- fat makeup |
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Definition
“middle age spread”
Sex differences in fat distribution and abdominal size
Decline in muscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> skeletal changes |
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Definition
Gradual loss in bone mass, begins late 30’s
More significant after menopause in women
Height decreased, fracture risk |
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> reproductive system changes in women |
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Definition
Climacteric (results in menopause)
Drop in estrogen- menopause
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Psychological reactions to menopause |
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Term
Climacteric
***outside definition |
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Definition
| the period in the life of a man corresponding to the menopause, chiefly characterized by diminished sexual activity |
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Term
| Physical development in Middle adulthood ---> reproductive system changes in men |
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Definition
Decreased quantity of sperm and semen after age 40
Testosterone production unchanged
Impotence |
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Term
| Psychological Response to Physical Signs of Aging (men vs women) |
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Definition
- Women see themselves as less attractive
- Double standard of aging |
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Term
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Definition
- Older men = more powerful
- Older men marrying younger women
- Physical attractiveness in older men not as important |
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Term
Illness and disability in middle age:
Cancer |
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Definition
Occurrence rises significantly between early and middle adulthood
Responsible for 34% of all deaths
Interaction of heredity, biological aging and environment |
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Term
| resulting in Cancer is an interaction of these factors |
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Definition
| heredity, biological aging and environment |
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Term
| Leading types of cancer for men |
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Definition
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Term
| Leading types of cancer for women |
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Definition
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Term
| similar types of cancer in men and women |
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Definition
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Term
| top causes of illness and disability in middle age adults |
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Definition
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease |
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Term
Illness and disability in middle age:
Cancer |
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Definition
27% of deaths in middle adult age group
“Silent killers”
Heart attack- 50% of victims die before reaching the hospital
70% of cases are in men |
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Term
| Cancer amounts for ____ of deaths in this age group |
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Definition
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Term
| CV disease amounts for ____ of deaths in this age group |
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Definition
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Term
Illness and disability in middle age:
Osteoporosis |
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Definition
1 in 4 postmenopausal women affected
Results in fractures “brittle bones”
Decline in estrogen after menopause
various risk factors |
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Term
| Factors that account for lack of leisure time physical activity |
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Definition
Lack of interest
Lack of daily access to a car
Shortness of breath
Joint pain
Dislike of going out alone or in the evening
Perceived lack of fitness
Lack of energy
Doubting that exercise can lengthen life
Not belonging to a group
Doubting that meeting new people is beneficial |
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Term
| Personality factors that can influence illness and disability in middle adulthood |
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Definition
Hostility = increased risk of heart disease
Rise in heart rate, blood pressure and stress hormones
Importance of stress management |
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Term
| Wellness issues in middle adulthood |
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Definition
* stress management
* Exercise
* Hardness
* Dealing with a double standard |
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Term
| Wellness issues in middle adulthood--> Stress management |
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Definition
| Problem-centered vs. emotion-centered coping |
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Term
Wellness issues in middle adulthood-->
Hardiness |
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Definition
| ability to cope with stress adaptively |
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