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Definition
1. flight
2. thermal insulation
3. camouflage
4. water repellency
5. visual signal
6. sound reduction
7. sound production (singing wings)
8. aid in hearing (facial disc)
9. water transport (sandgrouse; sponge)
10. sensory function (rictal bristles-Nighthawk) |
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| hooklets of distal barbule catch on flanges of proximal barbule of next feather |
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the quill; the part at the base of the feather
anchors the feather in a follicle |
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the long middle part of the feather that supports the vanes
-together the calamus & rachis make central shaft |
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| firm blade-like part, can zip and unzip |
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| lateral branches of rachis (primary elements of vane architecture), have tapered central axis called ramus with rows of smaller barbules projecting from both sides |
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| millions on distal barbule to help hook the barbs together |
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| single row of cells linked end to end |
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| basic vaned feathers of body & wings; pennaceous distal and plumulaceaous inner |
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| flight feathers of the wing; pennaceous, asymmetrical vanes |
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| tail feathers; pennaceous, asymmetrical vanes |
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| intermediate btwn down and contour feathers; distinct rachis longer than any barbs |
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| extremely plumulaceaous for insulation; lack a central rachis or very short (shorter than longest barbs) |
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| covers hatchling birds; simpler in structure than adult down, rarely has a central rachis |
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| special feathers with barbs that disintegrate into a fine powder; grow continuously & never molt |
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| contour feathers w/o vanes; only a whiskery central rachis; sensory organs |
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| long, hairlike feathers that monitor position of pennaceous feathers (orientation of the feather is sensory) |
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| after feathers (2) from the same follicle. Sometimes very big. |
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| naked areas on bird body lacking feathers |
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Definition
bare areas where heat is transferred to the eggs
-Herring gulls have 3 brood patches
-many species have single large brood patch |
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Term
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Definition
1. placode forms as epidermis thickens
2. papilla forms (projection)
3. tubular feather germ
4. invagination > collar
5. inner collar is site of feather growth
6. cells called keratinocytes proliferate, produce intracellular keratin
7. basil cells push older cells up, they die leaving only keratin (i.e. feather bits) |
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Definition
| blood vessels and pulp for growth |
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| feather cells that proliferate and produce keratin |
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form in collar
-keratinocytes in barb ridges produce filaments that become rachis, barbs and barbules |
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| older cells from the follicular collar |
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Definition
| helically rotate towards forming rachis |
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| by fusion of displaced barb ridges |
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Term
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Definition
1. undifferentiated follicular collar produces hollow, tubular "feather"
2. differentiation of follicular collar into barb ridges produce down-like feathers with no central rachis (but also without barbules)
3. Either: a) origin of barbules from barbule plates--> down OR b) origin of rachis ridge with helical growth, leading to planar feather
4. development of hooklets lead to closed pennaceous feather
5. asymmetry in barb length leads to modern flight feathers |
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Term
| Possible Uses for Initial Tubular Growth |
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Definition
-thermoregulation (staying warm or dumping heat)
-ornamentation/signals (camoflauge, mates, aggression)
-sensory
-defense (armor/protection)
-grip |
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Term
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Definition
barb ridges produce barbs
barb ridges begin to helically rotate from front to back
when barb ridges meet at the rachis ridge, they fuse and form the rachis |
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Term
| Incremental additions to complexity largely explains the mode of formation of different feather types |
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Definition
stage 2: natal down
stage 3: adult down & semiplume
stage 4: contour feathers
stage 5: flight feathers
(modern counterparts) |
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Definition
blacks, grays, light browns
-synthesized using amino acids
-contains extra keratin, can strengthen the feather
-also increase feather resistance to bacteria
-black patches sometimes signals of dominance (house sparrow) |
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Definition
yellows and reds
-acquired from diet (cannot be synthesized
-accumulate in lipids in feathers, and left behind during keratinization
-can be stored in egg yolk, body fat, etc.
-signal theory: thought to be useful in advertising individual quality |
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whites, blues, iridescence
-no pigment, air bubbles or melanin granules scatter light
-only some wavelengths reflected back to observer
-WHITE: big bubbles scatter all waves
-IRIDESCENCE: regular layers of granules means what color is reflected into eye is different depending on angle
-many colors produced by interaction btwn pigment |
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Definition
greens, reds, red-browns
-related to hemoglobins & other bile pigments
-intense red under UV light
-red browns in owls and bright colors in turacos |
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Term
| Feather maintenance & molt |
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Definition
preening (re-zips and removes parasites)
uropygial gland (preen gland)
powder down
dust-bathing
"anting"- acid rubs on feathers
molt (replace worn feathers) |
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Definition
lone star tick
sticktight flea
mallophagan louse
itch mite
finch louse fly |
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Term
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Definition
replacement of feathers
-complete or partial
-species vary: 1 to 3 complete molts/year
-"plumage" = coat btwn molts
-basic plumage = winter plumage
-alternate plumage = breeding plumage
-molts named for plumage they produce |
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