Term
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Definition
Organizations are bodies of individuals working under defined systems of rules, assignments, procedures, and relationships designed to achieve identifiable objectives and goals.
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Term
| Things organizations USUALLY have |
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Definition
Explicit purpose
Rules, routines, meetigs, and schedules
Titles and job descriptions
Material assets such as money, equipment, real estate |
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Term
| Things organizations MAY have |
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Definition
Formal requirments for membership
Dues
Oath of allegiance
Uniform or dress codes
Restrictions regarding behavior or speech |
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Term
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Definition
Include natural and spontaneously evolving associations such as groups ad families
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Term
| Characteristics of Informal Collectives |
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Definition
Familiarity and contiual commucation among members
Personal identification of members with the collectivity
Solidarity among members
Maintenance of boundaries between members and outsiders
Identifiable social structure |
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Term
| What is social structure? |
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Definition
The pattern of relationships, expectations, and transactions in a collectivity, whose relationships include:
-Who directs action and who receives direction
-Who initiates contact with whom
-Who depends on whome for services, material resources, or emotional support
-Who may grant and who must request approval or permission
-What others expect or need from specific individuals |
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Term
| Fundamental properties of Formal Organizations |
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Definition
–Explicit descriptions of individual expectations and duties
–Rules governing access of some individuals to others
–Specific procedures for exchanging resources
–Gradations among individuals of power and authority
–Explicit criteria for membership and exit
Charters, bylaws, and organizational charts are signs of formal structure
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Excess Cost of Formal Organization |
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Definition
Formal organizations require more human and material resources than informal collectivities
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Term
| Personal Costraints of Formal Organization |
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Definition
The explicit rules, schedules, and hierarchies of formal organizations seem unnatural and objectionable to many people
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Term
| Material Expense of Formal Organization |
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Definition
| Human effort- often in the form of "management"- must be diverted from actual "work" to formulate and enforce rules; account for resources; help maintain boundaries, focus morale |
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Term
| Benefits of Formal Organizations |
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Definition
Longevity
Reliability
Stability of leadership and membership
Mainteance of boundaries
Persistence of focus |
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Term
| Formal Organization Functional Payoff |
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Definition
Mass production
Innovation
Specialized Activity |
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Term
| Reasons for Formal Organization |
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Definition
Earth could not sustain population without formal organization
Cheap and abundant goods made by mass production
Extensive government operations to maintain order
Protection against epidemic disease through coordinated international efforts |
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Term
| Why study formal organizations? |
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Definition
–Individuals must be able to assess an organization’s ability to meet their personal needs and to operate in an ethical manner
–Society must exercise surveillance over organizations to prevent subversion of social values such as liberty, democracy, sustainability, self-determination, and peace
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Term
| Factors of Organizational Milieu |
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Definition
–Psychological characteristics of members
–Spontaneous social ties among members
and between members and outsiders
–Outside social forces
–Other organizations
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Term
| Marlow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
Self Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness and Love
Safety
Physiological |
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Term
| Informal Relationships Affecting Formal Organizations |
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Definition
Family Relationships
Friendship and community ties of members
Work Groups
Cliques, cabals, networks |
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Term
| Positive effects of informal relationships on organizations |
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Definition
Recruitment
Discipline
Loyalty |
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Term
| Negative effects informal relationships have on organizations |
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Definition
Reduced productivity
Information leakage
Challenges to management |
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Term
| Social forces that affect organizations |
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Definition
Lifestyles
Culture
Laws
Political Economy
Institutions |
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Term
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Definition
–Oriented toward home, family, and job; socially conservative; want to fit in; risk averse; respectful of leaders; read magazines, buy greeting cards, like cookbooks and
home projects
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Term
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Definition
–Savvy about money and careers but less likely than average to work full time; socially permissive; skeptical of leadership; drive foreign cars, consume sugar-free beverages and eat at Mexican or Thai restaurants
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Term
| Dimmesions of Social Change |
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Definition
Liberation
Immigration
Economic Change |
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Term
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Definition
–Movement of racial and religious minorities, women, gay people, and elders into the social, economic,
and political mainstream
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Term
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Definition
–Arrival of millions of newcomers, increasing cultural and linguistic diversity, challenging educational
and health resources, and affecting wages and prices in
uncertain ways
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Term
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Definition
–Enhancement of opportunity for some
and increased insecurity for others due to deregulation, globalization, and weakening public commitment to security
and equality
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Term
| Organizational Milieu Conclusion |
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Definition
As dominant an organization may appear,
it does not operate in a manner independent
of its members or surroundings.
The task of management may be thought of as promoting the organization’s objectives under conditions that neither managers nor the
organization itself controls.
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Term
| Common themes in organization theory |
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Definition
Functional
Open systems of human relationships
Prone to conflict |
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Term
| Limitations of Theory for Managers |
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Definition
–There is no “theory of everything” organizations
–Some theories will apply well, but others poorly,
to a particular management issue
–Managers may find theory too abstract for practical application
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Term
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Definition
To explain problems and assess solutions,
a manager should ask:
–Does what I see as a problem perform a function for some part (or some member) of this organization?
–How will the solution I’m considering affect the organization’s functioning?
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Term
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Definition
To explain problems and assess solutions,
a manager should ask:
–Has this problem arisen due to some outside influence?
–Will the solution be acceptable to the outside environment?
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Term
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Definition
To explain problems and assess solutions,
a manager should ask:
–To what can I attribute instances of conflict that I observe?
–Will the proposed solution increase or decrease conflict?
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Term
| Key Concepts in Role Theory |
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Definition
Focal Person
Role set
Role expectations
Role sending
Received role
Role episode
Role orientation |
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Term
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Definition
Affective vs. Affective Neutrality
Self-orientation vs. Collectivity Orientation
Universalism vs. Particularism
Achievement vs. Ascription
Specificity vs. Diffuseness |
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Term
| Challenges related to roles |
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Definition
Holding of multiple roles
Inconsistency among task elemets
Faulty role sending
Role ambiguity
Personality and prior history of people in roles |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to seperate the roles one plays in differet partos of his or her life |
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Term
| Promotion of cognitive consonance |
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Definition
| Enabling an individual to achieve consistency between basic values and received roles |
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