• condensed version of the structural formula
• written all on one line and demonstrates the relationship of the substituent groups (alkyl & functional) in the molecule
• points out the functional group

General Formula

or

Type Formula

used to predict the number of hydrogens in any of the hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne) provided the number of carbons is known.

an expression of the fixed ratio between C and H in all of the hydrocarbons

General Molecular Formula

or

Type Formula

C_nH_2n

Alkyl Group/ Radical

Type Formula

Alkyl Group/Radical

Type Formula

Aliphatic

or

Acyclic

carbons in a compound that are in an OPEN CHAIN formation

C - C - C - C

carbons in a compound that are attached to each other in a CLOSED CHAIN formation rather than an open chain formation.

must be at least 3 carbon atoms in order to form a closed chain.

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• Subgroup of Carbocyclics
• any compound containing a resonance-stabilized ring (such as benzene)

carbons in a closed chain compound that also contains atoms of some other element within it.

• less than 5 carbons will be Gas
• 5-16 carbons will be Liquid
• 17+ carbons will be Solid

• saturated hydrocarbon
• carbon atoms attached by a SINGLE bond
• Carbon more than half the H number

Methane

Marsh Gas

Methane

Marsh Gas

saturated hydrocarbon with 2 C

molecular formula:

C₂H₆

molecular formula:

C₃H₈

• unsaturated hydrocarbons
• have 2 carbons joined by a DOUBLE bond
• C number is exactly half the H number

ETHENE

ETHYLENE

molecular formula:

C₂H₄

Simplest alkene

(unsaturated hdyrocarbon)

ETHENE

ETHYLENE

PROPENE

PROPYLENE

PROPENE

PROPYLENE

Molecular formula

C₃H₆

molecular formula:

C₅H₁₀

• unsaturated hydrocarbon
• Carbon atoms joined by TRIPLE bond
• Carbon number less than half the Hydrogen number

ETHYNE

ACETYLENE

molecular formula

C₂H₂

ETHYNE

ACETYLENE

molecular formula

C₃H₄

CYCLIC

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

molecular formula:

C₆H₆

TOLUENE

METHYLBENZENE

molecular formula:

C₇H₈

line formula:

C₆H₅CH₃

CHLOROMETHANE

METHYLCHLORIDE

molecular formula

CH₃CL

CHLOROMETHANE

METHYLCHLORIDE

DICHLOROMETHANE

methylene chloride

TRIChloromethane

Chloroform

TETRAchloromethane

Carbon Tetrachloride

Dichloromethane

Methylene Chloride

Molecular formula:

CH₂CL₂

TRIchloromethane

Chloroform

molecular formula:

CHCL₃

• used to be used as an anesthetic
• highly flammable

Tetrachloromethane

Carbon Tetrachloride

every H has been replaced by a halide

molecular formula:

CCl₄

• derivatives of the hydrocarbons where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a Hydroxyl Group (OH)
• will acts as a base
• will neutralize an organic acid

alcohols that have 1 (OH) group attached

3 groups/types of alcohols:

1. primary alcohols
2. secondary alcohols
3. terriary alcohols

alchols where the OH is attached to the carbon located at the end of the carbon chain

• can be first or last carbon
• only 1 OH group

Methanol

Methyl Alcohol

Wood Alcohol

molecular formula:

CH₄0

line formula:

CH₃OH

Methyl Alcohol

Wood alcohol

Methanol

Methanol

Wood Alcohol

Methyl Alcohol

• good solvent for organic compounds
• used as types of gas, antifreeze, varnishes & shellacs
• severly poisonous

1. Methanol is used in the producation of Formaldehyde/Methanal
2. by partially oxidizing Methanol (CH3OH0) you get Methanal (HCHO)

ETHANOL

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain Alcohol

Propanol

Propyl Alcohol

GLYCEROL

GLYCERIN

Ethanol

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain alcohol

molecular formula:

C₂H₆0

Line formula:

C₂H₅OH

Ethanol

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain alcohol

• prepared by the fermentation of sugar by enzymes found in yeast
• called alcoholic fermentation
• used in the prep of ether and chloroform
• type of drinking alcohol

partial oxidation of gives you acetaldehyde/ethanal

Propanol

Propyl Alcohol

molecular formula:

C₃H₈0

line formula:

C₃H₇OH

• alcohols where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to a carbon that is attached to 2 other carbons

• OH is attached to a carbon that has 2 other radicals attached to it.

Isopropyl Alcohol

Rubbing alcohol

molecular formula:

C₃H₈0

line formula:

CH₃CHOHCH₃

(CH₃-CH-OH-CH₃)

• alcohols where the OH group is attached to a carbon that is attached to 3 other carbons

• OH is attached to a carbon that has 3 other radicals

Glycol

Ethylene Glycol

molecular formula:

C₂H₆0₂

line formula:

C₂H₄(OH)₂

Glycol

Ethylene Glycol

coolant or antifreeze

Humectant or Wetting Agent used to retain mositure in the tissues

Glycerol

Glycerin

molecular formula

C₃H₈0₃

line formula:

C₃H₅(OH)₃

Glycerol

Glycerin

a softener used in hand lotions

a Humectant or Wetting Agent as well as a solvent for embalming fluid

molecular formula:

C₆H₁₄0₆

line formula:

C₆H₈(OH)₆

• sugars are a derivative of
• used in the synthesis of vitamin C

Isomers are used in embalming fluids as Humectants or Wetting agents

the addition of oxygen

or

the removal of hydrogen from a compound

occur when an OH group is substituted onto the side chain of an aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene)

• not directly attached to benzene ring
• attached to a carbon that is attached to the benzene ring

occur when OH is substituted DIRECTLY onto the benzene ring

any benzene derivative with 1+ OH groups in direct combination with the benzene ring

Phenol

Carbolic Acid

molecular formula:

C₆H₆0

line formula:

C₆H₅OH

Phenol

Carbolic Acid

• highly poisonous
• powerful germicide as well as preservative and disinfectant
• great bleaching agent

when it's put in solution it ionizes as an acid would

Molecular formula is: CH₂O

Line Formula is: HCHO

molecular formula: C₂H₄0

line formula: CH₃CHO

molecular formula:

C₂H₂0₂

line formula

(CHO)₂

molecular formula:

C₅H₈0₂

line formula:

OCH(CH₂)₃CHO

• excellent germicide
• "cold chemical" sterilant
• good preservative less firming than formaldehyde

molecular formula:

C₇H₆0

line formula:

C₆H₅CHO

• simplest of aromatic aldehydes
• colorless oily liquid, smells like almonds
• used as perfume & flavoring agents

• are derivatives of hydrocarbons
• are prepared by the partial oxidation of secondary alcohols

molecular formula
C₃H₆0

line formula:

CH₃COCH₃

• simplest ketone
• formed by the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol

• colorless
• soluble in water
• active ingredient in nail polish remover & adhesives
• good solvent for lacquers
• funny sweet oder in diabetic keto-acidosis

were once a hydrocarbon that lost one hydrogen atom which was replaced with the functional group COOH

prepared by: partially oxidizing an aldehyde or fully oxidizing a primary alcohol

molecular formula:

CH₂0₂

line formula:

HCOOH

• simplest organic acid
• acid secreted by the stings of bees or ant, pine needles and nettles
• strongest acid in the fatty acid series

molecular formula:

C₂H₄O₂

line formula:

CH₃COOH

acetum latin for vinegar

100% Acetic Acid

forms crystals like a glacier when frozen

• the characteristic constituents of fruits and flowers, they all have a pleasant odor
• produced by the interaction of organic acids + an alcohol

molecular formula:

C₄H₈0₂

line formula:

C₂H₅COOCH₃ or CH₃CH₂OC(O)CH₃

produced by the interaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid

molecular formula:  C₈H₈0₃

line formula: C₆H₄(OH)COOCH₃

• produced by the interaction of salicylic acid and methyl alcohol
• principle ester used in embalming fluids as a reodarant
• natural produce of many plants including wintergreens

• composed of 2 hydrocarbon radicals joined by an atom of oxygen known as organic oxides
• insoluble in water
• extremely flammable
• used as solvents for organic compounds

molecular formula: C₂H₆0

line formula: CH₃OCH₃

• used as an aerosal spray propellant
• creates a chemical reaction where cryogenic freezing used to remove warts when with propane'
• clean-burning alternative to liquified petroleum, liquified natural gas, diesel and gas

molecular formula: C₄H₁₀O

line formula: C₂H₅OC₂H₅ or CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃

• used as a common solvent
• rarely has been used as a general anesthetic

• organic derivatives of ammonia where 1 or more of the 3 H's of NH3 are replaced by an alkyl (R) or aromatic groups
• organic equivalent of a base; have a tendency to neutralize acids
  
• very disagreeable odor, strong fishlike odor which comes out through decomposition
  

simplest amine

molecular formula: CH₅N

line formula:CH₃NH₂

• waste product of human protein
• formed in the liver from the breakdown of ammonia and secreted into the blood
• selectively absorbed by the kidneys & excreted into the urine