Term
|
Definition
1) Immunity-response to foreign antigens in blood
2) Blood Filtration-RBC and platelets; uses macrophages
3) Long term T-cell storage (in periarterial sheath)
4) Some Storage of WBC and Platelets
5) Hemopoetic organ of the fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convex surface and a concave area containing the splenic artery, efferent lymph vessels, the splenic vein, and splenic nerce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thick dense irregular CT
Can contain large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dense Irregular CT
Can Contain large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic Vessels of Spleen |
|
Definition
No Afferent lymph vessels (would weaken capsule)
Yes to Efferent |
|
|
Term
| Additional support to Splenic cells comes from |
|
Definition
| reticular fibers produced by reticular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of two areas of splenic parenchyma
Concentrated WBC
5-20% of spleen
Aids in Immunity (humeral and cell mediated)
Stains darker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Next to Capsule and Septa
Splenic Nodules
Periarterial Sheaths (PALS) |
|
|
Term
| White Pulp next to Capsule and Septa |
|
Definition
Mixed WBC population
Short term storage-recirculating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primarily B-Cell structure
More common in children
Humoral Immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
P Peri
A Arterialar
L Lymphoid
S Sheath
associated w/ central arteries
Mixed WBC population
Large # of T-Cells
Long term storage of T-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Rapid Blood Filtration
2) Allows contact w/ blood born antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A combination of closed and open circulation |
|
|
Term
| Closed Circulation (spleen) |
|
Definition
Capillaries connect to enlarged fenestrated venous sinuses.
Allows for faster circulation through spleen |
|
|
Term
| Open circulation (spleen) |
|
Definition
Capillaries pour blood into the red pulp.
Most of the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loose network of:
reticular fibers
reticular cells
many macrophages
blood(plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets)
can have many plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases # of platelets and abnormal RBC Increases risk of bacterial spricemea
Liver takes over blood filtration, beginning after two hours, fully functioning after 24 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
Replicates in nasopharyngeal epithelium
May spread to salivary glands, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, B cells, blood |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage nutrition is accomplished by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support
template for endochondral bone ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyaline (no black lines)
elastic (black lines)
fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage
Fiber Types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Pericondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Perichondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage
Pericondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Locations |
|
Definition
Nasal Septum
Larynx
Thyroid
Tracheal Rings
Bronchial Plates |
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Locations |
|
Definition
Auricular cartilages
larynx (1 spot)
epiglotus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Menisci (knee)
IVD
Pubic Symphysis
Tendon insertions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large proteoglycan molecules composed of:
proteins,
sulfated GAG's,
Hyaluronic Acid,
Water (65-80%),
Chondronectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Heparin sulfate
*bound covalently - provide rigidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non sulfated GAG
*holds water
Provides flexability resistance to compression and diffusion capabilities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers in Hyaline Cartilage matrix |
|
Definition
Primary collagen II
Some collagen IX, X, XI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of Ground substance and Fibers |
|
|
Term
Chondrogenic Cells
1. Appearance
2. Location
3. Derived from...
4. Differentiates into...
5. Function
6. Mitotic? |
|
Definition
1. Narrow appearance
2. Chondrogenic perichondrium
3. mesenchyme cell, sometimes osteoprogenitor
4. Chondroblasts (usually) or osteoprogenitor
5. Biopotential stem cell
6. Yes |
|
|
Term
Chondroblast
1. Appearance
2. Location
3. Derived from...
4. Differentiates into...
5. Function
6. Mitotic? |
|
Definition
1. Oval
2. Chondrogenic Pericondrium
3. Chondrogenic cells, mesenchyme cells, fibroblasts
4. chondrocytes
5. Produce Matrix (all parts)
6. No |
|
|
Term
| What hyaline cartilage cell can survive in suspended animation for long periods of time? |
|
Definition
| Chondroblasts in inactive state |
|
|
Term
Chondrocyte
1. Appearance
2. Location
3. Derived from...
4. Differentiates into...
5. Function
6. Mitotic? |
|
Definition
1.
2. Interior to chondrogenic perichondrium
3. Chondroblasts
4. NA
5. Maintain Matrix, Provide CIF (Calcification Inhibitory Factor)
6. Yes - early stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Young chondrocytes can divide once or twice. They are organized in groups of 2,3, or 4 cells.
Groups of 4 cells can produce territorial matrix-have higher amount of GAG and fewer fibers. Stain darker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peripheral to mature cartilage (with chondrocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Epiphyseal Growth Plates
2. Articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrous perichondrium
Chondrogenic perichondrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outermost layer of cartilage
Made of Collagen I fiber
Its vascular
Fibroblast |
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic Perichondrium |
|
Definition
Between the fibrous perichondrium and "mature" cartilage
Made of Collagen II
Avascular
Chondroblasts and chondrogenic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood supply, bringing nutrients and O2
Source of chondrogenic cells of chondroblasts and potential for growth and healing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interstitial Cartilage Growth (embryonic development) |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial Cartilage growth begins with... |
|
Definition
| Avascular piece of mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| Chondroblasts develop from |
|
Definition
Mesenchyme cells
Chondrification centers |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting differentiation from mesenchyme cells to chondroblasts. |
|
Definition
A decrease in oxygen
Compression force |
|
|
Term
| Chondroblasts role in interstitial cartilage growth |
|
Definition
| Secrete matrix-helps separate the cells. |
|
|
Term
| Changes associated with the hardening of the matrix in Interstitial Cartilage Growth |
|
Definition
| Chondroblasts become Chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mature cartilage cells.
Enter brief period of:
mitosis-Isogenic Groups
Matrix secretion-New matrix |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage expands outward until... |
|
Definition
it runs into a blood supply.
Stopping point: edge of perichondrium |
|
|
Term
| Fibrous perichondrium develops from... |
|
Definition
peripheral vascular mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme cells-fibroblasts-collogen I |
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
Peripheral blood vessels regress from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
Chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts activate: |
|
Definition
Chondrogenic cells: Divide and make new chondroblasts
Chondroblasts: secrete matrix, secrete borders, become chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
New chondroblasts develop from... |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts, in fibrous perichondrium. |
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
New chondroblasts develop from... |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts in fibrous perichondrium |
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
New chondrogenic perichondrium develops from... |
|
Definition
| The previous fibrous perichondrium |
|
|
Term
Appositional Cartilage Growth
New fibrous perichondrium develops from |
|
Definition
| Surrounding Conective Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Function of Appositional Cartilage Growth |
|
Definition
1. Enlarge existing piece of cartilage
2. Healing |
|
|
Term
Elastic cartilage
VS
Hyaline Cartilage |
|
Definition
Elastic cartilage has:
Elastic Fibers
Larger chondrocytes
More chondrocytes
Less Matrix
Other than that Elastic is like Hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
Elastic cartilage
function |
|
Definition
| Provides flexibility (not stretch) |
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage
Major structural features |
|
Definition
chondrocytes
fibrocytes
Primarily Collogen I and a little hyaline matrix
No perichondrium
Avascular |
|
|
Term
| Exception to Avascularness of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| Some vessel penetration into outer part of knee menisci |
|
|
Term
| Function of Fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
resist shearing forces and compression
shock absorbers |
|
|
Term
| Limitations to fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| No appositional healing: 100% scar tissue healing |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
1. Vascular dense regular C.T.
2. Stress increases, blood vessels retreat
3. Fibroblasts become chondroblasts-secrete hyaline matrix
4. Chondroblasts become chondrocytes-isogenic groups
5. remaining fibroblasts become fibrocytes because of decrease in O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chondrocytes die
less matrix
less CIF
LEss H2O
More Ca+ salts |
|
|
Term
| Healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage |
|
Definition
very limited
Inflamation will stop cart. development and lead to scarring
Better in chillins than old folks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Degenerative joint disease
Pathogenic if occurs before 65-70 yrs or if too severely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most have some by 65
85% of 75 yr. olds have OA
Possible causes wear and tear, muscle disfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic- early onset, sever, systemic
Mutent collegen II fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease articular cartilage=
Osteophyte development to stabilize=
Joint irritation=
Inflamation=
Loose more articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of the intervertebral disc
No new cells after 20's
Made of Collogen II
Resists compressive forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of intervertebral disc
Structure: collogen I with some hyaline matrix, chondrocytes, and fibrocytes
Function: support nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
Intervertebral Discs
Age related degenerative changes (especially after 40) |
|
Definition
Decrease GAG's and proteoglycans
Decrease H2O (nucleus pulposus)
Fissures develop between Coll I in annulus fibrosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structural support for body
Locomotion (with muscles)
Protect organs and house bone marrow
Metabolic reserve for minerals |
|
|
Term
Matrix of bone
Inorganic matrix |
|
Definition
65% of dry weight
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Calcium phosphate
Other minerals (K,Na,Mg) |
|
|
Term
Matrix of the bone
organic matrix |
|
Definition
Osteoid
80-90% collogen I
Very organized fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primarily chondroitin
some Keratin sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Binding proteins"
Proteins that bind minerals to collagen:
Organize mineral placement
Proteins that bind matrix components to cell |
|
|
Term
Bone Matrix
Adults Vs. Children |
|
Definition
Children have a higher percentage of organic matrix making them more flexible but leading to more green stick fractures.
Adults have more uniformity in collagen I arrangement leading to more stability |
|
|
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Appearance: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Location: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Derived from: |
|
Definition
| Mesenchyme cells (rarely chondrogenic cells) |
|
|
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Function: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Are the Mititic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Produce oseoid (GAG's, binding protiens, Coll I)
2. Produce an antiinhibitor to neutralize CIF (calcification inhibitory factor)
3. Respond to the parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
|
Term
| Osteoblast response to PTH |
|
Definition
1. Produce a factor that causes creation of new osteoclasts
2. Secrete osteoclast stimulating factor.
3. Produce enzymes to condition bone surface for osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No way man! (too specialized) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conform to lacuna with many cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Maintain matrix
B. Release factor that can influence osteoblast activity
C. Releease factor that can cause new creation of osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
Osteocytes
Are they mitotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bone-Lining cell
Appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bone-lining cell
Derived from |
|
Definition
Usually osteoblasts
Possibly osteocytes |
|
|
Term
Bone-lining cells
Function |
|
Definition
Wait (to develop)
"resting osteoblast" waits for chemical messenger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre osteoclast from bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To resorb bone (remodeling) |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of bone resorption occurs in: |
|
Definition
| Subosteoclastic Compartment |
|
|
Term
| First step in mechanism of bone resorption |
|
Definition
Inorganics dissolved using primarily carbonic acid
(pH will lower dramatically in compartment) |
|
|
Term
| Step 2 mechanism of Bone Resorption |
|
Definition
Organics broken down using lyposomal enzymes
(occurs quickly due to low pH) |
|
|
Term
| Hormones regulating osteoclasts |
|
Definition
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
| Indirect influence or control over osteoclast PTH will increase activity due to osteoblasts producing osteoclast-stimulating factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease ostroclast activity (direct influence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Woven-Immature Bone
First bone type to develop in fetus and area of a fracture.
Many osteocytes, irregular collogen I bundles, few minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lamelar bone-mature bone
After remodeling. More minerals, stronger types of bone.
Collagen I bundles are parralel |
|
|
Term
Compact bone
Outer Circumferential Lamellae: |
|
Definition
Periostial lamellae
Newer bone under periosteum
Sharpes fibers often penetrate these outer circumferential lamellae |
|
|
Term
Compact bone
Inner Circumferential Lammellae |
|
Definition
| Newer bone next to bone marrow or cancelous bone (inner part of bone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteocytes found in osteons will be found in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rings of bone
Part of osteon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small channels that hold osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular arcs of bone between the complete osteons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of cancellous bone
Align in directions of stress (not random)
Surrounded by sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| Osteon structure in Cancelous Bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell Nourishment in cancellous bone |
|
Definition
| Sinusoids have vascular CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrous Periosteum
Osteogenic Periosteum |
|
|
Term
Fibrous Periosteum
Structure |
|
Definition
Collogen I
Sharpeys fibers dominant in certain areas
Fibroblast (make collagen I)
Blood vessels
Nerves |
|
|
Term
Fibrous Periosteum
Functions |
|
Definition
Provide transition between bone and ligaments and Tendons
Distribute vessels and nerves, only location for sensory Nerves |
|
|
Term
Osteogenic Periosteum
Structure |
|
Definition
A single layer of cells
Possible cell types:
osteoprogenitor (turns into)
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Bone lining |
|
|
Term
Osteogenic Periosteum
Function: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single layer of cells that binds to internal bone surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Bone lining |
|
|
Term
| Endostium is not found in: |
|
Definition
Internal wall surface
Lacuna
Canaliculi
Central Canal
Sinusoids
Next to bone marrow or inner circumferential lamellae |
|
|
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Locations: |
|
Definition
Frontal and Parietal bones
Parts of Occipital and Temporal bones
Most of Mandible, Clavicle, and Maxilla |
|
|
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
General Process |
|
Definition
1.Mesenchyme cells close together and mesenchyme cells contact each other.
2.Primary Centers of Ossification develop: Mesenchyme cell > Osteoprogenitor > Osteoblast - Secrete Osteoid - Mineralization > Osteocytes
3. Spicules and trabeculae of bone form. Cells maintain contact with each other.
4. Remodeling begins immediately. Irregular trabeculae remodeled into more parallel osteons.
5. Vascular mesenchyme between trabeculae/osteons develop into Bone Marrow and Endosteum |
|
|
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Other ossification centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Location |
|
Definition
| Most long and short bones |
|
|
Term
Endochondral Ossification
General process |
|
Definition
1. Blood vessels invade middle of perichondrium.
Increase Oxygen
Chondrogenic cells in chondrogenic perichondrium turn to osteoprogenitors > osteoblasts
2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid just inside periosteum which will form a periosteal collar/subperiosteal collar
3. Capillaries from periosteum enter the interior brittle cartilage. Bring osteoprogenitor cells > osteoblasts - secrete osteoid - bony trabeculae form within calcified cartilage.
4. Bone growth advances toward epiphyseal growth plates.
5. Secondary centers of ossification develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prevents diffusion of Oxygen and nutrients to the interior chondrocytes (starve and swell up - die, some of the matrix begins to calcify)
Provide structural support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition between epiphyseal growth plate (epiphysis) and diaphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Original invading capillary along with osteoprogenitors and hemopoetic stem cells |
|
|
Term
| During Endochondral Ossification when bone growth advances toward epiphyseal growth plates Cartilage continues to grow within the epiphysis by . . . |
|
Definition
| Interstitial cartilage growth |
|
|
Term
| Remodeling in the diaphysis will... |
|
Definition
A. Eliminate calcified cartilage
B. Create the marrow cavity
C. Provide osteon structure
D. Create Volkmann's canals |
|
|
Term
| In Endochondral ossification when secondary centers of ossification develop... |
|
Definition
There is no periostial colar
There is no increase in bone length
It only grows so close to what will be articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| In endochondral ossification the increase in bone length results from |
|
Definition
| bone in metaphysis growing towards the epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to grow. |
|
|
Term
| In endochondral ossification the increase in bone width results from |
|
Definition
| Growth in osteogenic periostium |
|
|
Term
| Hormones associated with sexual maturity will... |
|
Definition
| slow cartilage growth in epiphyseal Growth Plates and then bone will eliminate the cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Bone developement is controlled by: |
|
Definition
HGH (human growth hormone)
Thyroid Hormones
Sex Hormones |
|
|
Term
| Bone remodeling in young people |
|
Definition
| development exceeds resoprption process |
|
|
Term
| Bone remodeling in adults |
|
Definition
| development and resorption should be equal and balanced |
|
|
Term
| Cancellous bone remodeling is influenced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compact bone remodeling is influenced by... |
|
Definition
| systemic factors produced by cells in endosteum and osteogenic perichondrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Bleeding, clotting, and the shut down of blood vessels to affected area.
Result: More cell death and damage
2. Granulation tissue (fibroblasts and reticular fibers) develops and osteoprogenitors divide and migrate to the area.
3. Osteoprogenitors/osteoblasts on the living edges--bony collar-- external calous (function:stablilization)
4. Osteoprogenitors soon move into granulation tissue below. Low Oxygen causes osteoprogenitors to > chondrogenic cells > chondroblasts > cartilage matrix > fibrocartilage
5. Blood vessels grow into injured area.
Increase in O2 kills chondroblasts and chondrocyts, Osteoprojenitors > osteoblasts > bony matrix > bone |
|
|
Term
| Bone develops similarly to _____ in bone repair |
|
Definition
| endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates osteoblast and fibroblast proliferation
Decrease in HGH results in lower bone density. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vitamin C deficiency
Reduces bony matrix and bone development
Delays healing of bone and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Decrease calcium absorption
Ossification is disrupted causing deformed bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prolonged vitamin D deficiency in adults
Bones weaken over time
Increase in both major and micro fractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primarilly involves osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Signs:
Curvature of the spine (bone weakening)
Severe Back Pain
Decrease in height (vertebral fractures) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Postmenopausal- Female only, due to low estrogen, primarily in females over 50
Age related- Equally male and female, likely resulting from decreasing HGH with age |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and osteoperosis |
|
Definition
Estrogen:
Reduces osteoclast lifespan
Increases osteoblast lifespan
Activates osteoblasts to secrete osteoid
Slows bone remodeling |
|
|
Term
| Decrease in estrogen may cause |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts to dig deeper resorption cavities that osteoblasts cannot completely refill |
|
|
Term
| General features of Tendons and Ligaments |
|
Definition
Primarily collagen I
Primary cell type (inactive) is fibrocytes=tendon cell= tenocytes
Minimal blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
Transmit contraction force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily collogen, also elastic fibers (1-2%) and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
Tendon structure
Ground substance |
|
Definition
Minimal ground substance; sulfated GAG's but very little non sulfated GAG's
low H2O content |
|
|
Term
Tendons
Structure, Fibrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tendon structure
Vascularity |
|
Definition
Very little
More numerous at end of tendons
Nearly avascular in middle |
|
|
Term
| Tendon Associated CT layers |
|
Definition
Endotendon
Epitendon
Paratendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds a group of collagen bundle
-thin loose CT
-variety of cell types
-vascular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
around entire tendon
-thin layer, more fibrous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sometimes absent
-surrounds entire tendon
-dense CT
-can blend with epitendon
-always present when tendon sheath is present |
|
|
Term
| Function of CT layers (tendon) |
|
Definition
provide mechanical connections to muscle
offer healing potential because of blood and cell variety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neurotendinous Spindles
Location: Junction of tendon and muscle
Composed of: collagen fibers and free nerve endings
Function: monitor muscle contraction force and inhibit muscle force if needed |
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Takes 100 days to make new collagen, may take months to adequately repair tendons
Fibrous adhesions may develop during the healing process (immobilizes tendon) |
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| Treatments for tendon repair |
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Definition
Physical therapy
Rest of damaged tendon
ICE- only for pain
Braces/supports
Surgery
Platelet Rich Plasma
Low level laser therapy
Proto therapy |
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Primarily collagen I (but less than tendons)
Elastic fibers (more than tendons)
Reticular fibers
Proteoglycans (sulfated GAG's, more numerous than tendons) |
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| Severe problem; few blood vessels and less CT |
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1-Tape
2-Suture
3-Drill into bone to promote inflamation (may cause arthritis (damaged articular cartilage) |
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| Ligaments and chiropractic adjusting |
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Definition
Ligaments change very slowly
Elastic and Collogen I fibers interweaving tends to break down with aging, patients may not hold adjustments as long. |
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Inflamation of the tendons
rare |
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Pathology of the tendons
begins when break down exceeds repair
Cycle= Injury-rest-Deconditioning-More Injury |
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| Characteristics of Injured Tendons and Ligaments |
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Definition
Total amount of collagen decreases
Proteoglycans and GAG's increase
Type III to Type I collogen ratio high
Disorganized fiber structure and arrangements
Microtears and collagen fiber seperation
Increase in # of active fibroblasts
Tendon cells are thicker
Vascularity increases
Inflamation usually not seen
altered size of shape of mitochondria in tendon cells |
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Increases the Collogen I fibers
Increases tendon and ligament strength (lack of exercize opposite) |
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Do well until into 60's
60+ there is more rapid decline in tendon strength |
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| CT layer in muscle surrounding each muscle cell/fiber |
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| CT layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers |
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| CT layer surrounding entire muscle |
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Definition
| Blending of CT between tendon and muscle at perimysium |
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| Blending of CT between tendon and muscle at Epimysium |
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| Blending of CT between tendon and muscle at surface muscle fascia |
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Endocardium
Subendothelial later |
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Definition
Loose CT layer: fibroelastic
More dense regular CT layer: some smooth muscle cells |
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Endocardium
Sub endocardial layer |
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Definition
looser connective tissue
blood vessels, nerves, and most Perkinje fibers, some adipose |
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Definition
modified cardiac myocytes
power myofibrils-periferal in cells
lots of stored glycogen-causes light stain
Attached together using gap juntion
Function: transmit contraction impulse rapidly |
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Myocardium
Atria VS Ventricle |
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Definition
Atria-less muscle, more elastic fiber
Ventricle-well developed muscle |
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Term
Intercalated discs
Structure |
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Definition
Transverse Portion: macula adherens (desmosomes, fascia adherens, small gap junctions
Longitudinal portion: large gap junction, significant ion flow |
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Intercalated disc
Functions |
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Definition
Attach cardiac myocytes together
Attach and stabilize myofibrils
Cell to cell communication-ion flow |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system and the heartbeat |
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Definition
Sympathetic portion
With stimulation will increase heartrate and contraction force
Parasympathetic: slows heart rate |
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| Specialized cardiac muscle cells (myoendocrin cells) and hormone secretion in atria |
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Definition
Hormones released into surrounding caps
Hormones function in fluid and electrolite ballance, target Kidney;
Lower blood pressure, Target arterials and arteries |
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Term
Serous pericardium
Epicardium |
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Definition
AKA visceral pericardium
Mesothelium: simple squamous cells secrete a thin serous lubricating fluid
Subepicardial layer of fibroelastic ct containing Coronary vessels, nerves, sometimes adipose (can put stress on heart) |
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Mesothelium: simple squamous cells
Layer of fibroelastic CT: fibroelastic |
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Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium |
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| Pericardial cavity is between |
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Definition
| Visceral and parietal pericardiums |
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| endothelium with some dense irregular CT, extra collogen I and elastic fibers |
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Cardiac Skeleton
Three components |
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Definition
Annuli fibrosi: around base of aorta, pulmonary artery, AV canals. Provide support
Trigonum fibrosum: by cusps of aortic valve, support
Septum membranaceum: upper part of interventricular septum, support and O and I for cardiac myocytes |
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Chest pain usually brought on by exertion
Cause: slow progressive narrowing of coronary vessels: decreased O2 |
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abnormal heart rythms
Can result when damage or death to perkinje fibers or other conducting tissues |
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Most often results from inflamation of serous pericardium-
Fluid build up in pericardial cavity (cardiac tamponade)-
Fibrous pericardium will not stretch-
Pressure exerted on heart-
Stress and impaired function |
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