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Definition
| A project-scheduling technique in which activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships |
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| A display using bars to show the duration of project activities and precedence relationships |
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Definition
| The amount an activity can be delayed w/out delaying any of the activities that follow it |
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| The longest path through a CPM/PERT network telling the min time in which a project can be completed |
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Definition
| Key Elements are Time Management, quality control, performance monitoring and communication |
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| earned value analysis (EVA) |
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Definition
| a standard procedure for measuring a project’s progress, forecasting its completion time and cost, and measuring schedule and budget variation |
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| the completion or beginning of an activity in a project |
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Definition
| an organizational structure of project teams that includes members from various functional areas in the company |
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| organizational breakdown structure (OBS) |
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Definition
| a chart that shows which org units are responsible for work items |
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Definition
| the costs of replenishing inventory |
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| a method for classifying inventory items according to their dollar value to the firm based on the principle that only a few items account for the greatest dollar value of total inventory |
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| the cost of holding an item in inventory, including lost opportunity cost, storage, rent, cooling, lighting, interest on loans, etc |
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| continuous inventory system |
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Definition
| Fixed-order-quantity; an order is placed for the same constant amount whenever the inventory on hand decreases to a certain level |
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Definition
| typically component parts or materials used in the process to produce a final product |
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| economic order quantity model |
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Definition
| The objective is to determine the optimal tradeoff between inventory carrying costs and ordering costs that would min. total inventory costs |
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Definition
| final or finished products whose demand is not a function of , or dependent on, internal production activity |
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| a stock of items kept by an org to meet internal or external demand |
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| stocks of partially completed items kept between stages of a production process |
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| the time between receipts of orders in an inventory system |
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| production quantity model |
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Definition
| production lot-size model; an inventory system in which an order is received gradually and the inventory level is depleted at the same time it is being replenished |
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Definition
| a pricing schedule in which lower prices are provided for specific (higher) order quantities |
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| a level of inventory in stock at which a new order is placed |
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| an amount added to the expected amount demanded during lead item as a hedge against stock-out |
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| the probability that the amount of inventory on hand during the lead time is sufficient to meet expected demand- an inventory shortage occurring when demand exceeds the inventory in stock |
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Definition
| temporary or permanent loss of sales that will result when customer demand cannot be met |
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| Order Quantity for a Periodic Inventory System |
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Definition
| : Fixed time period; an order is placed for a variable amount after specific regular intervals |
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Definition
| major subassemblies produced in advance of order and then configured to customer’s order |
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Definition
| scheduling backward from a due date to determine when to begin a job |
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Definition
| a list of all materials, parts, and assemblies that make up a product, including quantities, parent component relationships, and order of assembly |
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Definition
| the total length of time required to manufacture a product; longest path through a product structure |
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Definition
| a method for auditing inventory accuracy that counts inventory and reconciles errors on a cyclical schedule rather than once a year |
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Definition
| the process of determining requirements for lower level items by multiplying the planned orders of parent items by quantity per assemble of component items |
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| how well machine performs compared to standard output level |
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Definition
| speed up orders so that they are completed in less than normal lead time |
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Definition
| a file that contains inventory status and descriptive information of every item in inventory |
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Definition
| the process of balancing under and over loads |
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| ratio of load to capacity |
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Definition
| determining the quantities in which items are usually made or purchased |
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| modular bill of materials |
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Definition
| special bill of material used to plan the production of products with many optional features |
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| materials requirements planning |
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Definition
| a computerized inventory control and production planning system for generating purchase orders and work orders of materials, components, and assemblies |
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Definition
chart that compares released orders and planned orders with
capacity of facility |
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| capacity requirements planning |
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Definition
| computerized system that projects the load from a given material plan onto the capacity of a system and identifies under and over loads |
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Term
| enterprise resource planning |
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Definition
| software that organizes and manages a company’s business processes by sharing info across functional areas |
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| customer relationship management (CRM) |
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Definition
| software that plans and executes business processes that involve customer interaction, such as sales, marketing, fulfillment, and service |
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Definition
| software that plans and executes business processes related to supply chains |
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| product lifestyle management (PLM) |
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Definition
| software that manages the product development process, product life cycles, and design collaboration with suppliers and customers |
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Definition
| process of subtracting on hand quantity and schedule receipts from gross requirements to produce net requirements |
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Definition
| lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals |
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Definition
| service oriented architecture; software that bundles together stand-alone services |
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Definition
| date specified by management beyond which no changes in the master schedule are allowed |
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Definition
| the process of subtracting an item’s lead time from its due date to determine when an order should be released |
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Definition
| percentage of available working time that a worker spends working or a machine operating |
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Definition
| helps ERP systems communicate over Net (extensible markup language) |
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Definition
| call lights installed at workstations to notify management and other workers of a quality problem in production |
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Definition
| a maintenance activity that involves repairs needed to make a failed machine operational |
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Definition
| setup activities that can be performed in advance while the machine is operating |
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Definition
| repeatedly asking “why?” until a root cause is identified |
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Definition
| machines that perform basic functions such as turning, drilling and milling |
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Definition
| setup activities that can be performed only when the machine is stopped |
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Definition
| authority given to the workers to stop the assembly line when quality problems are encountered |
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Definition
| smoothing the flow of material to arrive just as it is needed; evolved into a system for eliminating waste |
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Definition
| a Japanese term for a system of continuous improvement |
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Term
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Definition
| card corresponding to a standard quantity of production used in the pull system to authorize the production or withdrawal of good |
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Definition
| a marked area designated to hold a certain amount of items; an empty square is the signal to produce more items |
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Definition
| minimizing customer time and effort in the consumption process |
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Term
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Definition
| both a philosophy and an integrated system of management that emphasizes the elimination of waste and the continuous improvement of operations |
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Definition
| a combination of lean’s principles for elimination waste with Six Sigma’s reduction of variability |
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Definition
| a group of dissimilar machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts with similar shapes or processing requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| a rectangular shaped Kanban used to order material in advance of a process |
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Definition
| anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts space, and time that are absolutely essential to add value to the product |
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Definition
| workers who have been trained to perform more than one job or function |
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Definition
| any foolproof device or mechanism that prevents defects from occurring |
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Definition
| a system of daily maintenance, periodic inspection, and preventive repairs designed to reduce the probability of machine breakdown |
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Definition
| card authorizing the production of a container of goods |
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Definition
| a production system in which items are manufactured only when called for by the users of those items |
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Term
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Definition
| a production system in which items are manufactured according to a schedule prepared in advance |
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Definition
| a triangular kanban used as a reorder point to signal production at the previous workstation |
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Definition
| a kanban that rotates between a factory and its supplier |
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Definition
| a cycle time of an operation paced to the rate of customer demand |
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Term
| total productive maintenence |
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Definition
| an approach to machine maintenance that combines the practice of preventive maintenance with the concepts of total quality and employer involvement |
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| under capacity scheduling |
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Definition
| the allocation of extra time in a schedule for nonproductive tasks such as problem solving or maintenance |
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| uniform production levels |
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Definition
| the result of smoothing production requirements on the final assembly line |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures and mechanisms for making problems visible |
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Term
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Definition
| a card authorizing the withdrawal and movement of a container of goods. |
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| advanced planning and scheduling |
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Definition
| a software system that uses intelligent analytical tools and techniques to develop realistic schedules |
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Definition
| a shop paper that specifies the sequence in which jobs should be processed |
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Definition
| a concept in theory of constraints where the drums sets the pace of production, buffer is placed in front of the bottleneck, and rope communicates changes |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to scheduling that loads jobs in priority order and dealys those jobs for which current capacity is exceeded |
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Definition
| the time that it takes for a job to “flow” through the system; that is, its completion time |
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Definition
| a bar chart that shows a job’s progress graphically or compares actual against planned performance |
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Definition
| a method that generates possible solutions based on genetic combinations of previous solutions |
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Definition
| an approach to scheduling that initially assumes infinite capacity and then manually “levels the load” of resources that have exceeded capacity |
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Term
| input/output control (I/O) |
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Definition
| a procedure for monitoring the input to output from a work center to regulate the flow of work through a system |
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Definition
| an algorithm for sequencing any number of jobs through two serial operations to minimize makespan |
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Definition
| the process of smoothing out the work assigned across time and the available resources |
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Definition
| process of assigning work to individual workers or machines |
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Definition
| the time that it takes for a group of jobs to be completed—that is, the completion time of the last job in a group |
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Term
| manufacturing execution system (MES) |
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Definition
| manufacturing software that monitors operations, collects data, and controls processes on the shop floor |
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Definition
| the determination of when labor, equipment, and facilities are needed to produce a product or provide a service |
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Definition
| the process of assigning priorities to jobs so that they are processed in a particular order |
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Definition
| scheduling and monitoring day-to-day production in a job shop; also known as production control or production activity control |
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Definition
| the difference between a job’s due date and its completion time for jobs completed after their due date |
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Definition
| a finite scheduling approach that differentiates between bottleneck and nonbottleneck resources and between transfer batches and process batches |
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Definition
| shop paperwork that travels with a job to specify what work needs to be done at a particular machine center and where the item should be routed next |
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Definition
| a combination of nontraditional work locations, settings and practices that supplements or replaces the traditional office |
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Definition
| an employee learns more than one job in the organization |
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Definition
| the authority and responsibility of the workers to alert management about job related problems |
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Definition
| the application of human sciences like anatomy, physiology, and psychology to the design of the work environment and jobs, and objects and equipment used in work; fitting the task to the person |
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Definition
| a work schedule in which fixed times of arrival and departure are replaced by a combination of fixed and variable times |
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Definition
| an incentive plan that includes employees in a common effort to achieve a company’s objectives in which they share in the gains |
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| horizontal job enlargement |
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Definition
| the scope of a job that includes all tasks necessary to complete a product or process |
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Definition
| defined set of tasks that comprise the work performed by employees that contributes to the production of a product or delivery of a service |
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Definition
| the horizontal movement between two or more jobs according to a plan or schedule |
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Definition
| a graph that reflects the improvement rate of workers as a job is repeated and more units are produced |
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Definition
| the study of the individual human motions used in a task |
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Definition
| a flowchart that illustrates with symbols, the steps for a job or how several jobs fit together within the flow of the production process |
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Definition
| the company sets aside a portion of profits and distributes it among employees usually at the end of the fiscal year |
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Definition
| individual defined job activities that consist of one or more elements |
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Definition
| employees work electronically from whatever location they choose, either exclusively or some of the time |
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Definition
| the degree of self- determination and control allowed workers over their own work; also referred to as job enrichment |
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Definition
| a chart illustrates on a time scale the amount of time an operator and a machine are working or are idle in a job |
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