- class I

- class II

- class V

- core buildup

- any area that is non-esthetic or difficult to keep dry

- remove excess amalgam

- restore contours of tooth

1 – mental image of margins

2 – condense vertically and laterally

3 - move up stepwise from small condenser to large condenser as you fill

4 – slightly overfill

5 – use football burnisher to mash and find margins

6 – use round end of cleoid-discoid to refine margins

7 – use hollenbeck to carve anatomy

1. establish outline form
2. develop resistance form
3. develop retention form
4. obtain convenience form
5. remove carious dentin
6. finish enamel walls
7. clean prep

1. seals margins
2. low cost
3. durable
4. convenient setting time (hardens quickly)
5. strong
6. does not require dry field
7. least technique sensitive material

1. non-esthetic
2. poor patient perception
3. difficult prep
4. difficult disposal

- norway

- denmark

- sweden

- using bulk mercury (as opposed to capsules)

- waste put in garbage, incinerator, or drain

- using bleach or chlorine to flush lines

1. non contact (excess mix)
2. contact (in contact w/ pt)
3. empty amalgam capsules

- fluorescent lamps

- light bulbs

- button batteries

- industrial or hospital instruments

- thermometers

1. shark
2. swordfish
3. mackerel
4. tilefish
5. albacore tuna

- metallic bonding (delocalized electrons)

- conductive

- reactive

- ductile

- ionic bonding (electron transfer)

- low conductivity

- low reactivity

- brittle

- covalent bonding (electron sharing)

- low conductivity

- versatile

- polymerization shrinkage

- increases strength (prevents dislocations)

- reduces melting point

- improves biocompatibility (e.g., chromium and titanium alloys react w/ atmospheric O₂ to form inert, insoluble protective layer)

- improves bonding to porcelain (e.g., tin alloys form oxide layer that bonds to porcelain)

1. solid solution
2. eutectics
3. peritectics

- cast

- wrought

- alloying elements completely miscible in both solid and liquid state, at all compositions

- solute atoms occupy the lattice positions of solvent

- e.g., gold materials

- inlays, crowns, and bridges

- usually gold alloyed with copper

- highly biocompatible (due to single phase)

- higher ductility than eutectics and peritectics

- lower hardness than eutectics and peritectics

- alloys with elements that are not completely miscible in solid state (microstructure grains composed of 1 metal)

- 2 or more phases

- e.g., AgCu

- higher elasticity than solid solution alloys

- very hard

- lower ductility, elongation

- corrode

- economical

- not dense

- alloy whose elements react to form a new, intermetallic compound

- have a specific composition (e.g., Ag₃Sn occurs at 26.8% Sn)

x = percent composition of alloy

y = temp

1. nutritive
2. sensory
3. protective (lymphatics)

- desiccation

- air pressure

- change in osmolarity (due to dissolved sugar)

- thermal stimuli (usually cold)

• K oxalate
• K nitrate
• NaF
• Strontium F
• unfilled resin

- pressure (too much when drilling, or due to dull instruments)

- desiccation (causes aspiration and death of odontoblasts)

- light touch

- sharp instruments

- gentle suction

- short air blasts

- dull burs

- too much pressure

- intermittent contact

- copious water

- exposure time

- concentration of chemical

- universal precautions (to avoid infection)

- proper positioning

- changing position periodically

A - zone of decomposed dentin

B - zone of bacterial invasion

C - demineralized zone

D - dentinal sclerosis

E - zone of fatty degeneration

F - odontoblastic processes

- Hg

- Ag (65%)

- Sn (29%)

- Cu (6%)

γ = Ag₃Sn (30%)

γ₁ = Ag₂Hg₃ (60%)

γ₂ = Sn₈Hg (10%)

- minimizes γ₂ phase, b/c affinity of Cu for Sn is greater than that of Hg for Sn

- eta crystals interlock grains of γ₁ to keep them from sliding over one another (less static creep)

- admixture lathe-cut (2/3) and spherical (1/3) eutectic alloy

- e.g., Dispersalloy

- admixture lathe-cut and single composition spherical alloy (quaternary alloy)

- e.g., Valiant

- single composition spherical alloy (ternary)

- e.g., Tytin

γ + Hg =

γ + γ₁ + γ₂

- only on surface

- penetrates bulk of amalgam

- remove oxide layer

- wet alloy particles with Hg

- create plastic mixture (paste)

- decreased working time

- decreased strength

- increased contraction

- increased creep

- express Hg

- adapt amalgam to cavity walls

- decrease voids

- decreased plasticity

- increased residual Hg (decreased strength)

- refine contours and occlusion

- make the dentist feel good

- hydrogen bonds

- van der Waals forces

- denture bases

- temp crowns

- ortho appliances

- resin matrix

- filler particles

- silane coupling agent

- quartz

- silica glass

- other glasses

1. conditioner (etchant)
2. primer
3. adhesive (bonding)

- path of light

- distance

- thickness of material

- microleakage

- marginal gaps

- post-op sensitivity

- recurrent decay

- rupture of dentin bond

- enhance mechanical properties

- reduce marginal fracture

- prolong restoration

- high-copper (ALE and SCS)

- prevents γ₂ from forming, interlocks grains of γ₁ to minimize static creep

1. ALE (Dispersalloy) = admixture lathe-cut (2/3) spherical eutectic (1/3)
2. SCS (Tytin) = single composition spherical
3. ALSCS (Valiant) = admixture lathe-cut and single composition spherical

- high-copper amalgam (Ag-Cu powder)

- orthodontic appliances

- removable partial dentures

- fixed partial dentures

- surgical plates and screws